Many survival experts agree that, outside of the brain, the most important survival tool is a knife. I have always agreed with an old Nordic Proverb, �A knifeless man is a lifeless man.� Nothing is more true in a survival situation. If I could choose only one item for a survival kit or survival, it would be a knife. With a knife, I can make almost anything else I need in a survival situation. However, a discussion on knives is like a discussion on guns. It can be controversial and nobody will agree on all points. Because of its importance we will examine the issue.

I�m often asked what is the best survival knife. I always say that the best survival knife is the one that works for you and performs the tasks you need to accomplish. However, there is more to it than that. There are some specific characteristics that make certain knives better for the purpose of survival. Figure 4-1 describes characteristics desired in a survival knife.

Understanding the various knife grinds and points also helps you make a better decision in regard to an adequate survival knife. Figure 4-2 provides information that will help you better understand the types of grinds and points. Although I prefer a convex or Scandi grind with a drop point made from carbon steel for a survival knife, any of those described are suitable for survival.

Last, but not least, you should be somewhat knowledgeable about heat treating a knife. Knives come in a plethora of different steels, most of which are good as long as they are heat treated properly. A knife without a proper heat treat and proper tempering can end up being as useful as a butter knife. A bad heat treat can lead to a multitude of problems. If the knife is too soft it will not retain a cutting edge for very long and the edge can be prone to rolling. If a knife is too hard it can be brittle and end up chipping.

Heat treating and tempering procedures vary from steel to steel and are also dependent on the type and style of knife. Most knife manufacturing companies spend lots of time testing and perfecting the heat treating processes because it is one of the most important factors in the end product. The ideal Rockwell hardness for your average carbon steel or tool steel field knife is around 58 or 59, a couple of points up or down and you would be hard pressed as an average user to notice a difference.

The hardness of a knife also varies based on the size and intended use of the knife. A big chopper-style knife can get away with being a bit on the soft side, as it is intended to be used more like an axe or hatchet than a small carving knife. And, a small carving knife can be a little on the hard side for better edge retention and less impact resistance. A machete, for example is really on the soft side of the Rockwell scale because its intended use is for brush clearing/chopping and it needs to be flexible. A machete is usually very long and thin, and if were heat treated to be hard like a field knife, it wouldn�t last long and most likely the blade would snap.

My suggestion is always spend good money on a knife. As we have established, it is your primary survival tool, so don�t cut corners here. Buy well-known brands and don�t look for bells and whistles. The knife needs to cut, and cut adequately for your needs.

Two types of knives to avoid at all costs are hollow handle knives and double-edged blades. Hollow handle knives are intrinsically weak where the handle is attached to the blade. Not only are most of these very cheap knives, they will always break between the handle and blade leaving you with no knife. The exception to this rule are knives made by Chris Reeve, which are hollow-handle survival knives made from a single bar of A2 steel. If you must have a hollow handle knife, this is the one.

With regard to double edged blades, they are made for self defense, period. They are not, in my opinion, useful for survival purposes, at least in the wilderness.

Now that we�ve established the ideal type of knife for survival, we must consider what type of knife will fit in our survival kit. There are always trade-offs, and my suggestion is to always carry a good fixed blade knife that meets or exceeds the characteristics described above. However, as my dad always said, you can�t have too many knives. Therefore, let�s examine some other types of knives that, if placed in a survival kit, could be a back-up to your main blade.

Although not really considered a knife, razor blades are a cutting instrument that will normally fit in the smallest survival kit. Not intended as a major cutting tool, but something to use if all else fails, various types of blades fit this category.

Survival tin knives are any knife that fits into a small survival tin and are meant as a back-up to your primary knife.

There are many types of multiple blade folding knives on the market and they run from usable to ridiculous. If you choose a multiple blade knife, keep it simple. Some of these knives have so many blades that the handle makes them impossible to hold.

Some of my favorites are the original Boy Scout knife and military folding knife. Both have a good drop point blade, an awl, and a bottle and can opener. You will never regret having one of these in a survival kit. The next type are a little larger, but have the advantage of a saw and the best, in my opinion, are the Victorinox and Wenger. My favorite is the Victorinox Farmer, which I carry every day, and the plain edged One Hand Trekker, one of which rides in a shoulder strap pouch on each of my packs. Both of these knives have an excellent saw which is great for cutting the �V� notch in a fire board for a bow and drill or to start a notch on a trap.

There has been much discussion about a single blade folder being a primary survival knife, and the discussion will continue I�m sure. As I have established, my primary survival knife will always be a fixed-blade (full tang) knife. I once heard somebody say that a folding knife is one that is already broken in the middle. That is true of course, and that will always be the weak point of a folder. Don�t get me wrong, I carry a Benchmade Griptilian, drop point, every day. I just don�t consider it my primary knife, but a back-up blade.

If you do choose a folding knife as your main survival knife, make sure it is quality made and substantial. I always recommend a locking blade so the blade does not close up on your fingers, causing another emergency during a survival situation. A folder should feel comfortable in your hand and be easy to use. Don�t get a big one just to have a big one. The size should be adequate to do the job, but not so big that it is uncomfortable to use. Again, as with all knives, buy quality.

As Figure 4-1 reveals, a primary fixed blade survival knife should have a full tang (no moving parts) and a grind that is conducive to the chores of survival.

A good way to determine a good size for a general purpose survival knife is to use your hand. Lay the knife blade across your hand, being very careful of course, and if the blade of the knife from the front of the handle to point is the width of your hand, then the knife will be a good choice as a general purpose survival knife. This is also a good measure for the handle, which should also be about the width of your hand.

My two favorite grinds for survival and bushcraft are the convex and Scandi grind. They are both excellent at wood work. I like the convex grind for its edge sharpness and strength, as I do a lot of batoning (more about batoning later) with a knife. The Scandi works well also, but we must all have a favorite. I have been known to carry both.

In regard to convex grind, you cannot get much better than a Bark River. They are one of the finest convex ground knives available for survival. They have an exceptional geometry of blade with an edge that doesn�t quit when the going gets tough. I have put the Bark River Foxriver and Bravo 1 through extensive use and abuse, and they continue to provide excellent service. I am recently using the Bark River Gunny, which is a downsized version of the Bravo 1. Although slightly smaller than my usual main-carry knife, it is performing to the standards I require, and being I carry a fixed blade knife every day, it presents less of an impact hanging on my belt when at the mall.

A custom knife maker who also produces a fine convex grind is Dave Thomas of Chieftain Knives. He has made several custom knives to my specifications and they are excellent. The knife shown in the Neck Knife Survival Kit was made for me by Dave Thomas - very sharp!

When it comes to Scandi grind, my favorite is the Skookum Bush Tool which, although called a tool, is a knife designed by Rod Garcia with input from Mors Kochanski. It is definitely one of the finer knives designed specifically for bushcraft and survival. I had the distinct pleasure of spending a week in the field with Rod Garcia and he is not only a knife maker but well skilled in the techniques of wilderness survival. If you choose a Scandi knife, the Skookum Bush Tool is high on my list of recommendations.

Another fine knife maker that specializes in Scandi grinds is Blind Horse Knives. They have a good selection for survival and bushcraft purposes. They made the Pathfinder Knife shown earlier.

If you are on a short budget and desire a less than expensive knife with a Scandi grind, you can�t go wrong with a Mora. The price in relationship to functionality is, let�s say, �on the money.�

There are two camps as far as opinions about large fixed blade knives, also called �choppers,� and, as with anything dealing with knives, some are for them and the other half is against them. In my opinion, if it works for you then don�t worry about what other people say.

I�m in the camp that believes that a large fixed blade knife is a good addition to survival edgeware. It is always supplemental to my primary survival knife, but is functional for my purposes. Although you will rarely see me chop with a �chopper,� you will often see me batoning with one. I find they work well at making larger pieces of wood into smaller pieces of wood. They are also multi-functional as they make a good draw knife, a good wedge and, of course, a good chopper, if chopping is something you need to do.

When it comes to a large fixed blade knife, I�m not interested in a �Rambo� style knife with bells and whistles, serrations, or any other thing that doesn�t serve a purpose I have. I like them to have a thick blade for use as a wedge when batoning. I want them sharp and easy to sharpen in the field. My preferred large blade knives are now made my Fehrman and are extremely robust and will take a licking and keep on ticking. I have also spent countless hours with the TOPS Armageddon which has always performed as required. The original Becker BK-9 was a favorite for many years. The Ontario RTAK and RTAK-II were always just a little on the thin side for my personal liking. But you will decide what is right for you. If I am going to go thin, I might as well have a machete.

The bottom line is this: if you want to carry a large fixed blade knife, carry it as a supplemental blade to your primary blade. You make the choice that is right for you, and don�t worry about what other people think. They can carry what they want.

Many people think of a machete when they think of a jungle, but don�t let that fool you. They are an extremely versatile tool for any environment. They can clear brush, baton wood, be used as a draw knife and still have plenty of use left. They are a large, long, sharp instrument, so caution in use is recommended, especially when clearing brush. Anything sharp swung around in the air can cause a lot of injury if it meets the wrong target. Don�t let it be you.

I prefer a machete, again, as a back-up to a main blade, and always carry one in my truck. Because of their length, machetes are more difficult to carry on your person, but can be strapped to a pack or slung over a shoulder. They are particularly handy in the jungle or a swampy area. They can also be included in a snowmobile kit, as they are handy for cutting snow to build a shelter.

There is a plethora of machetes to chose from. Ontario and Cold Steel both make a line of machetes. There are also some custom machetes available. I prefer those made by Andy Roy at Fiddlebackforge.com, as they are very well made, with an awesome edge and custom micarta handles.

There are many ways to carry a knife in the field. What you want to ensure is that your knife is safe from loss (remember it�s your primary survival tool), easy to get in and out of its sheath and protected from the elements, and also that you are protected from getting cut. The primary means to secure a knife is a sheath. The two basic sheaths are leather sheaths and Kydex sheaths. I make all my own leather sheaths and prefer them for most outdoor activity. However, for long term survival in a wet environment I prefer Kydex, as they don�t soak up the water and dry quickly. I also prefer Kydex for its ability to lock in a knife, especially if the sheath is worn upside down.

Let�s discuss just some of the basic ways to carry a knife in the field which provide for the above considerations.

Belt carry is pretty straight forward. The sheath is attached to your belt with some form of belt loop or belt clip. For belt carry I usually prefer a leather sheath, but although the positioning at the right rear side does allow easy access to get the knife out, it is sometimes difficult to return.

Neck carry is another way to keep your knife in a position for easy access. There are two main types of neck carry, right-side up and upside down. Determine what works best for you if you choose this type of carry.

I find that a pocket-type sheath needs to be carried right side up, especially if it does not have a pressure fit. A Kydex sheath which is pressure fit to the knife is the best, in my opinion, for upside down carry. Make sure the knife �clicks� into the sheath, and holds securely. I once had a knife with a plastic manufactured sheath (not Kydex) fall out of the sheath while under my shirt. It could have been a disastrous situation had I not felt it fall and land sideways at the belt line.

Leg carry is another issue where people seem to love it or hate it. I have been wearing my large fixed blade knife on a leg rig for over 10 years and prefer it in the field. I normally piggy-back my primary fixed blade knife on the outside of the rig, resulting in quick access to either blade. They are easy to get out and easy to put back. I always use a Kydex sheath for both blades and hang it from the belt with heavy nylon webbing. This provides leeway for the sheath to move forward and back, allowing me to both sit and squat without any restriction. The lower end of the sheath always has a leg strap to keep the rig from swinging while walking or other movement. I prefer this type of carry in the field, but it is not for everyone. Just another option and, of course, the decision will be yours.

The Baldric rig has been around since ancient times. It is a shoulder belt or sling which has been used to carry a sword, knife (the Romans carried their knives on a Baldric rig), bugles, drums, etc. So why bring this up under survival gear? The Baldric rig is a convenient way to carry a knife or larger blade on the outside of a coat for easy access. Of course, such a rig could be used year round, but I usually use mine in the winter, when trying to get to a belt knife under a coat is rather difficult.

A Baldric rig can be as simple as using parachute cord to hang a belt sheath over your shoulder so that it is on the outside of your jacket or coat. Some people have begun to place rigs on their sheaths for the purpose of hanging them Baldric rig style.

I make all my own leather sheaths and they all have a belt loop. I don�t want extraneous rings or loops on them when being used for belt carry. Therefore, I decided that I would make a leather adapter that would slide into the belt loop of all my leather sheaths which would provide me with two �D� rings from which I could use any type of cordage to strap it over a shoulder. I can carry just the Baldric rig adapter in a small kit, and if I went to a jacket I could carry my knife on the outside. Of course, for everyday hiking I made a leather strap to match the adapter.

The first thing to learn about knives is safe handling. I know it sounds like it may not need to be said, but knives are sharp instruments and they can cut you quickly and deeply. I have seen it over and over again, and care must be taken at all times when handling a knife. I always recall the �Blood Circle� from the Boy Scouts and we make sure students at our school understand it, as they are often working in close proximity to one another. The �Blood Circle� is the area around you. Pretend you are holding your knife in your hand, and reach out and carefully turn all the way around. If there is anyone close enough to get cut by a knife if you had one in your hand, then you are too close to that person. If a knife slips when being used, it can be another person that gets stabbed or cut.

Most safety is common sense. Don�t cut towards yourself with a knife. Don�t hold a piece of wood below the area you are cutting with a knife, but hold it above the area being cut. Most cuts seem to occur on the thumb and forefinger of the hand not holding the knife.

If sitting, hold the item being cut out past your knees. Rest your elbows on your knees when possible which will ensure you are cutting out past your knees and legs. Many injuries occur when a knife slips and the user stabs or cuts their own legs or knees.

I have often seen cuts occur because somebody set their knife down while doing something else, then turned around or reached and were cut by their own knife. When you are not actually using your knife, place it back in its sheath.

When doing any type of fine work with a knife, watch your thumb. This is especially important if cutting around a stick, by rolling it. Don�t have your thumb under the blade on the other side of the wood, but to one side or the other.

Don�t cradle work in the palm of your hand if carving or cutting out a divot. If the knife slips or goes through the item your working on, you will stab yourself in the palm.

I could go on, but you can see that common sense and staying aware of what you are doing will help prevent unwanted injuries that can make any survival situation worse.

The thumb assist is a means to control a knife blade when trying to push a knife blade or when doing delicate work. It works especially well when cutting notches, such as for traps. With the thumb assist, you use your knife hand only to hold the blade of the knife in position in the area of the piece of wood where you want to make a controlled cut. You then use the thumb of the opposite hand, placing it on the spine of the knife blade, and wrap the fingers of that hand around the work. Holding the knife in place with the knife hand, the thumb of the opposite hand pushes the blade of the knife forward in a controlled manner. Again, don�t push with the knife hand since, if you slip, you will take the desired notch right off the end of the stick.

If you need to cut through a stick, but you want a reasonable blunt cut, you will need to make a series of small cuts around the stick. Hold the stick in the non-knife hand, above where you want it cut. If the stick is long enough, support it under the arm pit of the non-knife hand. With the knife hand, start cutting in at a slight angle, using the thumb assist, and continue making cuts as you spin the stick. Once you are all the way around, you can continue in the same manner until the stick is cut through.

The initial cut for a notch can be cut with a small saw, or by gently batoning. Once the initial cut is made, use the thumb assist to complete the notch. As previously stated, don�t push with the knife hand, just hold the knife in position. The thumb of the non-knife hand will be providing the forward pressure.

The technique for cutting down a sapling with a primary knife blade is quite simple. With your non-knife hand, bend the sapling so it bows toward your knife hand. Then take your knife and start a cut at an angle in towards the tree, at the point where the sapling is bending. Holding the knife securely, with downward pressure, rock the knife back and forth while keeping pressure on the sapling. When the cut is almost finished, start to release pressure on the sapling with the left hand, or it will break, causing additional cutting. It should only take several seconds for this process to be complete.

As with most aspects of knives and their use, batoning is fraught with controversial opinions. I baton and I stand by that position. I have heard people say that they have never batoned and have never had the need to. Others do so all the time. Even though some say that anyone with common sense would never baton, I have usually learned my own lessons and based my decisions on those lessons. However, I do tend to listen to those more experienced than myself, and there are some experts who firmly recommend batoning. Some of those experts, whom I respect, are Ray Mears, Mors Kochanski, Chris Janowsky, Christopher Nyerges, Cody Lundin, Dave Canterbury, Jeff Randall, Les Stroud and Alan Halcon. After reading this section, you will ultimately make the decision for yourself whether to baton or not baton.

Okay, so what is batoning? It is simply splitting wood by pushing a blade through wood by hitting the back of the blade with a wooden baton. It�s that simple. So, whay would you choose to baton?

When you baton, you normally keep the blade of the knife perpendicular to your body. You then tap the back of the blade with a wooden baton, which can be any piece of wood. Control the blade and, if the blade does go through the wood quickly and unexpectedly, it will not hit your body. I always recommend batoning over a piece of wood, and usually use a short sump if available. The blade, after going through the piece of wood being batoned, will stick into the stump or wood, and not into you or the ground, which definitely is not good for the blade of your knife, or you!

You can split wood with a hatchet or axe, but this requires swinging and energy. A hatchet and axe will never be as accurate as placing a blade on a piece of wood and tapping the back of the blade. I have known people with a pretty good aim with swinging an object, but even the best have had a hatchet or axe miss the target or, worse, bounce or glance off target. It is difficult to control where the edge goes once you follow through with the swing, and the blade takes off in an undesired direction. This is when accidents occur and the injury from the blade of a hatchet or axe can be severe to say the least�� the last thing you need in a survival situation. If you are splitting wood in the back yard, that is one thing. But if you are trying to split some wet wood to extrapolate dry pieces from the center for kindling, batoning is a safer bet. Also, the energy expended by batoning is much less than with swinging a hatchet or axe.

Another reason batoning may be preferred is the accuracy of the cut. You may want to cut a spindle off the side of a board being shaped into a fireboard for a bow and drill. You can more precisely split a piece off the side while controlling the blade. That would be a difficult move with a swinging hatchet or axe.

Another reason for batoning is less stress on your body parts. I have often sat on a stump in front of another one and batoned for hours. In a survival situation, I would not want to be swinging a heavy sharp object that long. You can also baton while kneeling.

One last factor to consider is the weight of a hatchet or axe versus a knife. In a survival situation, you will probably only be carrying a knife. A hatchet maybe. But an axe, probably not. So for the weight of a knife, you will still be able to split larger pieces of wood into smaller pieces.

The bottom line is you must make the decision yourself, not listen to the opinions of others.

Is batoning good for a knife? Well that depends. The proper way to baton is to place the blade straight across the wood being batoned. This allows the force of the baton, hitting the back of the knife, to direct that force straight into the piece of wood you are trying to split. You might have to hit the front or rear of the knife blade once it is past the top portion of the wood you are splitting, and the back of the blade is no longer available to hit. But don�t start by hitting the back of the blade on the front end of the knife. This will stress the blade and it might break. It does happen and you must take this into consideration.

I have been batoning most of my adult life and after hundreds of times, I have never personally broken a knife blade. But, I am also careful. I try to get a feel for the wood, and if it feels to hard, I don�t force it, but try another piece of wood.

I have seen many videos where people prove they can break a knife while batoning, and it normally occurs when trying to baton bricks or concrete blocks. My advice is don�t baton bricks or concrete blocks. A knife is made to cut wood, so I would limit myself to those parameters. Whenever possible, I try to avoid hardwoods, unless they are of small diameter.

My recommendation is to always use a fixed blade, full tang knife for batoning. As indicated, any type of batoning can stress a knife, especially between the blade and tang, so use the strongest knife you can. I�m often asked if you can baton with a folder. I don�t recommend it, but for making kindling, if it is all you have, don�t lock the blade. Leave the handle about, what I call, half cocked. Be careful, stick with small wood, and don�t use major force with the baton.

Hatchets and hawks are another option as cutting tools and are usually small and light enough to carry in a large survival kit or pack. I�m sure you are getting tired of hearing this, but these are another tool to carry at your discretion. They can be used to chop and baton. They can also be used with the hand chocked close to the blade for some fine work as well as planing a board flat, such as for a fire board for bow and drill.

One of the advantages of a hawk is that the head can be used in the hand, without the handle. A handle can be made in the field very quickly, and a very interesting YouTube video is available from IAWoodsman on that subject, called �Cold Steel Trail Hawk.� You will be surprised at the versatility of a hawk in the field. After watching that video, you just might decide to carry only the head, and if a handle is needed, make one in the field.

If you are looking for some interesting hawks with some additional versatility, you might want to check out equinoxcoronado.com. They make the Mk-V Hawk with a custom composite handle which has a .50 caliber tube through the length of the handle. This tube has chloroprene plugs that are secured by turning stainless heads which expand the plugs to hold them in place. The tube can be used for various purposes, including as a blow gun or blow tube for fire, or to hold a survival kit. They also offer a product called the ECO-Hawk which is just a head with various blades. It can be handheld or easily attached to a stick to make a field hawk type tool.

A very small hatchet which can be carried in almost any small pack, or attached to a belt, is the Gransfors Bruks Mini Hatchet. Although very light, it is effective at small chores and with a very sharp convex grind works well at batoning. It also has a small hammer head allowing its use to pound stakes for a tarp, or other chores.

Another nice little hatchet is made by Gerber and is called the Sport Axe. It is 13-7/8 inches long and can be carried on or in a pack. Gerber makes various other lengths, but I find the Sport a good size for the money for larger kits or packs.

There are many other manufacturers of hatchets and another good one for a larger kit is the American Snow & Neally Penobscot Bay Axe (It is called an axe but, being 17 inches long overall, it�s a hatchet in my mind). Although I have not personally used this model, a good friend of mine, Steve �Critr� Davis, the Lead Instructor for the Pathfinder School of Survival, has tested this model extensively and highly recommends it. I trust his judgment.

I have not addressed axes and do not want anyone to think they have been disregarded. They are large tools and are not normally carried with a survival kit. They are a handy item for a truck kit, if you are skilled in their use. If you want to carry one, that is your choice, but as an injury can be extremely severe, learn the proper use before planning to use one in a survival situation.

The are various type saws that can be carried in a survival kit. I have always found that their versatility makes them ideal for many survival situations. They come in many configurations and sizes, so let�s look at a few that can easily be carried in different size kits.

A wire saw is exactly that. It is constructed of eight strands of interwoven stainless steel wire. Split ring handles swivel providing twist-free performance. It can also be used to make a bow saw and will slide over itself, for use as an emergency snare, by placing the small ring through the larger ring. This saw fits in an �Altoids� tin survival kit.

When using with the split rings on the ends, I recommend cutting two short pieces of a branch and placing them through the rings instead of trying to saw with your fingers through the split rings. This provides a more substantial hand hold. When making a bow saw, get a sturdy bendable sapling and notch each end so that the split rings stay attached to each end without sliding up.

The pocket chain saw is a great addition to any survival kit. It features 124 bi-directional, heat treated steel cutting teeth that cut on both the upstroke and the down stroke. Also, since it is flexible, it wraps around the wood on three sides, increasing its efficiency. In a survival situation, this saw is safer than an axe or power chain saw since it won�t bounce off a log into a leg or foot. By attaching a cord to each end, it can cut limbs in hard-to-reach places. It stores in a small metal can about the size of a small shoeshine tin and easily fits in a shirt pocket.

A small folding saw is something I am never without in the field. It starts with the small folding saw blade on my Victorinox Farmer and One Hand Trekker and goes up from there. Small pruning saws are invaluable for cutting wood to lengths with a flat end to facilitate batoning. They are also great for building shelters and many other purposes in a survival situation. Most can be carried in a small to medium sized survival kit, and when used wisely are safer than swinging a sharp tool.

One of my favorite pruning saws is the Bahco Laplander. This a robust folding saw and really cuts. Another option I have carried that is less expensive is the Gerber Sportsman�s saw. This saw is very light and fits in any medium size kit.

Larger folding saws can make cutting wood a pleasure as opposed to a chore. Two of my favorites are the Trailblazer Sawvivor and Take-Down Bucksaw. The Sawvivor is one of the strongest saws for its weight and I carry the 15-inch version in my pack. It assembles in seconds, is easy to use and is an efficient tool. A unique tensioning system and a box frame provide for superior blade tension. This is a lightweight saw that really cuts. The rustproof aluminum handle is padded and stores two blades when they are not in use. This saw is available in both 15- and 18-inch lengths.

The Trailblazer Take-Down Buck Saw is one of my favorites, but is heavier than the Sawvivor. I carry one of these in my truck and when I am canoeing. The Take-Down Buck Saw is modeled after a classic wood saw design. The aluminum saw has a tension rod that tightens the blade until it twangs like a guitar string. The Swedish steel blade can be put to work cutting pieces of wood as thick as 15 inches. For transport, the saw collapses and its parts all fit inside the 19-inch round handle, along with up to two blades. Available in 18- or 24-inch length.

Another way to have a buck saw in the field is to carry just a blade and make one when you get there. A good friend of mine, Rod Garcia (remember the Skookum Bush Tool), carries a saw blade in a leather belt that holds the blade safely so he can wear the belt as a normal belt. He then makes a buck saw from available wood in the field. My wife fell in love with the saw when we were with him for a week in the field, and he was kind enough to gift it to her when we left. It was fun taking apart to fit in a bag for the flight back.

Before moving on, I would like to mention saw safety. A saw can quickly bite you, especially if you use it incorrectly. I have had more than one saw blade jump out of a cut being made and skid across my hand. This always occurs when not paying attention.

When using a buck saw, place the off hand (the one holding the work being cut) through the opening between the saw blade and the frame. If the blade bounces out of the cut, the back top portion of the blade will bounce off the inside of the arm holding the work. The blade will not skid across the back of your hand.

A tip that will seem like common sense deals with cutting a piece of wood supported on something in order to cut it. The piece you are cutting off should hang over the support. If you try to cut the wood between the support, and where the other end sets on the ground, the downward pressure will bind the saw blade because the pressure applied to saw closes the cut against the blade. I have seen this many times with students and find it a tip worth mentioning.

If you plan to be in snow country, a snow saw is a recommended item. A snow saw made by Life-Link is extremely light and carries well on a pack.

Another tool that can be handy in a survival situation is a multi-tool. I recall when they first came out and there was only one to choose from. That was the original Leatherman tool. I still have a few of the originals around. Now there are hundreds to choose from. I won�t elaborate on them, but personally prefer a good pair of pliers with a cutter for wire, and various options like a file, scissors, etc. which aren�t available in any of my Victorinox knives. My preference is still the Gerber, as it allows you to open the pliers with one hand using a fling forward motion with the hand holding the tool. The choice is yours in regard to how many tools they contain, but they can be a handy item in a survival situation.

Small trowels are handy for everything from digging edible plants to making a trench fire pit to preparing a cat hole or digging a seepage basin to collect water. Although not a necessary tool, it can be useful. They are made in plastic and stainless steel. Although the plastic models are lighter, I prefer the stainless steel trowel made by U-Dig-It, which comes with a nice cordura belt pouch.

Although larger shovels are normally reserved for vehicle kits, they are useful for survival. The size and shape are limited by how much weight you are willing to carry. The old military folding shovel is still a viable option as well as a new smaller version made by Gerber called the Gorge. Although they are all heavy, the Gorge can be carried in a pack or large kit.

If you anticipate being in a snow covered area, then a snow shovel can be real handy for making snow shelters. There are many types, made specifically for carrying on a pack, where the handle separates from the shovel portion. I highly recommend one in snow country.

My preference is the Voile T6 Shovel w/Saw, in orange. The orange T6 scoop is one of the most durable shovel scoops I have found. It uses premium 6061-T6 heat treated aluminum. It also has deadman holes for use in a rescue sled or as an emergency anchor. The shovel houses a hi-tensile steel saw blade which is a do-all saw blade of amazing toughness. It can be used for avalanche pit work, shelter building or to cut just about anything. The blade stows inside the shovel shaft and is held in place with a double pop-button. The saw easily attaches to the telescoping shaft for extended reach. The effective cutting length for the saw blade is 10 inches. The shovel can be used with the handle short or extend. I keep one of these in my truck and it always goes on my sled when snowshoeing.

Another handy device which can be carried easily on or in a pack is the SnowClaw Backcountry Snow Shovel. It is very light, weighing in at only six ounces. One edge can be used for digging soft snow, and the other more rounded edge for hard snow. As a multi-use tool, it can be used as a shovel, snow anchor, emergency splint, plate, sled, waterproof seat, etc. It is made from high impact copolymer and is only 12 x 11.25 inches.

Portions of the material in this e-book are taken from:

Stay Alive!

Copyright � 2011 John D. McCann, Published by Krause Publications, a division of F+W Media, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review. Published by Krause Publications a division of F+W Media, Inc., 700 East State Street � Iola, WI 54990-0001 (715) 445-2214, (888) 457-2873.

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eISBN: 978-1-44023-534-4

This e-book edition: July 2012 (v.1.0)

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