Colloquial English is an easy-to-use course, specially written by an experienced teacher for self-study or class use. It teaches current spoken and written English, as used in the UK, through the medium of English itself. This course assumes a basic knowledge of English and is suitable for post-beginners, whether studying on their own or as part of a class.
Colloquial
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Colloquial
English
A Complete English
Language Course
Gareth King
First edition published 2005
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016
�To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge�s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.�
� 2005 Gareth King
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Colloquial English: a complete English language course /
Gareth King.
p. cm.
Includes index.
1. English language � Textbooks for foreign speakers.
2. English language � Spoken English � Problems,
exercises, etc.
I. Title.
II. Series.
PE1128.K43 2004
428.2′4 � dc22
2004010470
ISBN 0-203-53691-6 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-67024-8 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0�415�29953�5 (pbk)
0�415�29952�7 (CD)
0�415�29950�0 (Cassette)
0�415�29951�9 (Pack)
I dedicate this book
to the memory of my dear friend
Buzz Burrell 1956�2003
who loved the English language always
Contents
Acknowledgements
ix
Introduction
x
English spelling
xi
IPA symbols
xii
Grammatical terms used in this book
xiii
1
Pleased to meet you!
1
2
Where are you from?
20
3
Could you tell me where the bank is?
33
4
Have you got any bread?
47
5
What shall we do today?
64
6
Hello, could I speak to Vicki?
81
7
What date is it today?
98
8
Can I make an appointment?
117
9
I�ve lost my passport!
135
10
Which do you prefer?
155
11
I�ll see you at half past five!
175
12
You can�t be serious!
194
viii
13
The people we met were fantastic!
209
14
What would you do?
226
15
I said you�d phone back later
241
Key to exercises
259
Reference grammar
276
Irregular verbs � alphabetical list
280
Irregular verbs by type
283
Grammar index
286
Acknowledgements
I thank Sophie Oliver and Suzanne Cousin at Routledge Language Reference Editorial for their unstinting support and encouragement throughout this project; the various reviewers of the original proposal for their positive response and helpful feedback; Linda Paulus, Production Editor, for her hard work and accuracy; the
Introduction
Although this book is a member of the Colloquial series, and conforms broadly with the format and approach of other titles in the series,
For a start, it is written
Nonetheless, I have tried to keep explanations simple and succinct, allowing the context of the dialogues and exercises to show the user how the language works.
Presentation of vocabulary is another problematic issue in a book aimed at users from diverse linguistic backgrounds. There can be no two-way glossary at the back of
I have made sparing use of the IPA phonetic alphabet (and in a broad rather than narrow transcription) where I have thought the disparity between the spelling of common words and their pronunciation warranted it; and I have listed the IPA symbols and combinations of symbols at the front of the book for reference. Naturally the accompanying CDs/tapes will also be of benefit in this regard, and I strongly recommend their use in conjunction with the course.
This book does not shy away from grammar, and a glance at the index will show how central a component of the course it is. In explaining the grammar in the body of the book, while aiming to keep technical language to a minimum, I have not held back from using grammatical terminology where I think this helps make the system and mechanisms of the language clearer for the learner.
English spelling
You will see that sometimes phonetic symbols have been used to help you with pronunciation in this book. This is because English spelling (like French and Danish, and unlike German and Russian) is a historic rather than a phonetic system, which means that it does not always correspond very well to pronunciation � the words have changed in sound while the old spelling has stayed the same.
This is a difficulty for people learning English, but it is something that must be accepted from the start � you will have to learn pronunciations as well as spellings. But the
For example, we use a �silent e� as a regular component of the system: a silent e
but hope /hə�p/. And sometimes we spell the same sound in different ways � look at the different possible spellings there are for
/ɑi/: my night time; and for /ə�/: hole throw boat only soul. Or (to take an extreme example) look at the different pronunciations of the combination -ough: through /�ru/ though /ðə�/ bough /bɑu/
bought /bɔt/ cough /kɔf/ enough /`nf/. But don�t worry � millions of people learn English all over the world, and they all manage pretty well with the spelling, because the more contact you have with the language, the easier it is. If you approach this aspect of English with a positive frame of mind, you�ll be surprised how quickly you get used to it!
IPA symbols
/ə/
butter, sofa
/b/
book, able
//
cat, hand
/k/
come, look
/ɑ/
father, farm
//
children, which
/�/
get, send
/d/
red, down
//
sit, win
/f/
fall, if
/i/
happy
//
go, leg
/i/
feel, machine
//
Gerry, Jenny
/ɔ/
long, top
/h/
have, hand
/ɔ/
fall, thought
/l/
look, milk
/�/
full, book
/m/
man, come
/u/
do, cool
/n/
now, run
//
cup, some
/ŋ/
bring, running
//
bird, hurt
/p/
paper, cup
/kw/
quite, quick
/r/
red, arrive
/r/
car, four�
/�i/
say, eight
/s/
send, miss
/ɑi/
my, night
/ʃ/
should, wish
/ɔi/
boy
/t/
it, time
/ə�/
boat, home
/�/
think, three
/ɑu/
now, found
/ð/
the, with
/ə/
hear, here
/v/
very, give
/�ə/
hair, where
/w/
want, when
/�ə/
sure
/j/
yes, you
/z/
prize, rose
/ `/ (precedes stressed syllable)
/%/
measure
� silent before consonant and at end of sentence
Grammatical terms
used in this book
action verb � a verb that describes a dynamic action or event:
active � a sentence structure where the doer of the action is the subject:
adjective � a word that describes a noun:
adverb � a word that describes how, where or when an action or event takes place:
auxiliary � a special verb that is used with another (main) verb:
base-form � the normal dictionary form of the verb, without any endings:
C1 � a type of conditional tense:
C2 � a type of conditional tense:
clause � a part of a sentence that includes a verb.
comparative � the form of the adjective that shows a higher degree:
conditional � a tense of the verb that indicates hypothetical situations:
consonant � in writing, the following letters: b c d f g h j k l m n p qr s t v w x y z; compare vowel. But consonant sounds can sometimes be written as vowels:
definite article � the word
degree words � words that describe the degree of an adjective:
direct object � the person or thing that receives the action of the verb:
direct speech � the actual words someone said, put in the sentence as a quote: She said:
xiv
ed-form � the regular past tense form of the verb:
empty it � in some sentence structures, an
full form �
future � a tense of the verb � there are three main ways of doing the future in English:
genitive � a form of the noun denoting possession or relationship:
indefinite article � the word
indirect object � the person or thing that receives the direct object of the verb:
OBJECT).
indirect speech � another term for reported speech.
ing-form � the form of the verb ending in -ing:
irregular verb � a verb that doesn�t form its past simple tense by adding
modal auxiliary � special auxiliary verbs that have their own meanings, but are used with other verbs:
negative � the form of the verb that tells you that something doesn�t, didn�t or won�t happen.
noun � a word that names a thing, person, place or idea:
object � the thing or person that
passive � a sentence structure where the receiver of the action is the subject:
past continuous � a tense of the verb that indicates ongoing action in the past:
past participle � the form of the verb used with
past perfect � a tense of the verb one stage back in the past from the present perfect:
past simple � a tense of the verb that indicates completed action in the past:
phrasal verb � a combination of verb + adverb which has a special meaning:
xv
possessive adjective � words that tell you who something belongs to:
preposition � a word that shows the relationship between nouns, or nouns and pronouns:
present continuous � a tense of the verb that indicates ongoing action at the time of speaking, or future intention:
present perfect � a tense of the verb indicating an action or event that has happened very recently:
present simple � a tense of the verb that indicates habitual action in the present, or state:
pronoun � a word which stands in place of a noun:
regular verb � a verb that forms its past simple tense by adding
relative clause � a clause that adds information about the main clause in a complex sentence:
reported speech � someone�s actual words incorporated into a sentence:
s-form � the BASE-FORM of the verb with -s or -es added:
short form � colloquial shortened forms of verbs, such as
statement � the positive form of the verb, stating that something does, did or will happen.
state verb � a verb that describes a continuing physical or mental state, or an unchanging situation:
strong form � some common words have two pronunciations: a full pronunciation used only when emphasising the word (STRONG
FORM), and a weak pronunciation used in all other circum-stances;
subject � the doer of the action in a sentence:
superlative � the form of the adjective that shows the highest degree:
to-form � the BASE-FORM of the verb with
verb � a word that describes an action or event.
vowel � in writing, the following letters: a e i o u.
xvi
weak form � the normal pronunciation of a word that also has a full pronunciation for emphasis;
wh-word � any of these question words:
1 Pleased to
meet you!
In this unit you will learn how to:
� greet people
� say goodbye to people
� introduce yourself to someone
� introduce someone to someone else
� identify people
Dialogue 1
VICKI:
Hello, I�m Vicki.
HELEN:
Hello, Vicki. My name�s
Helen.
VICKI:
Pleased to meet
you.
HELEN:
And you.
Dialogue 2
STUART: I�m Stuart.
JENNY:
Hello Stuart. I�m Jenny.
STUART: Nice to meet you.
JENNY:
And you.
2
Dialogue 3
PAUL:
Hello � you�re Mo, aren�t you?
MO:
Yes, I am. And what�s
PAUL:
I�m Paul � pleased to meet you.
MO:
Pleased to meet you too.
Language point 1 � short forms
Introducing yourself and finding out people�s names always involves the verb be. For example, if Jenny wants to tell someone her name, she can just say I�m Jenny, or she can say My name�s Jenny. To find out someone else�s name, she says What�s your name? All these phrases contain special SHORT FORMS of the verb be. Let�s have a look at how they work.
In colloquial English � when we are speaking in informal situations � we use special SHORT FORMS for some verbs. So, in Dialogue 1, Vicki says:
I�m Vicki
� I�m is the short form for the FULL FORM I am.
And in Dialogue 3, Paul says:
you�re Mo
� you�re is the short form for the full form you are.
With verbs that have short forms (not only be but also have, do and some others that we will meet later) we do not normally use the full form in speaking except when we want to put special emphasis on the verb. (But we
see next Language point.)
So, for the present tense of be we have short forms for all persons:
3
I am
/a m/
I�m
/ɑim/
you are
/ju: ɑ:r/
you�re
/jɔ:r/
he is
/hi: z/
he�s
/hi:z/
she is
/ʃi: z/
she�s
/ʃi:z/
it is
/t z/
it�s
/ts/
we are
/wi: ɑ:r/
we�re
/wər/
they are
/ð� ɑ:r/
they�re
/ð�ər/
Pay attention to the pronunciation of these short forms in British English, and notice that all the full forms have two syllables, while the short forms all have one.
Be careful with the he/she short form �s � you
Fiona�s here
Terry�s here
Brian�s here
John�s here
James is here
Rich is here
Trish is here
Max is here
Baz is here
James�s here
Rich�s here
Trish�s here
Max�s here
Baz�s here
We will see some more short forms in the next unit. It is important to know how to use them as they form a common and typical feature of colloquial English everywhere.
Turn the full forms into short forms in these sentences. Be careful
� one of them
1 Brian is in work today.
Brian�s in work today.
2 Hello, I am Fred.
____________________ .
3 Sue is over there.
____________________ .
4
4 Terry is by the door.
____________________ .
5 They are in the kitchen.
____________________ .
6 Chris is next door.
____________________ .
7 We are in town tomorrow.
____________________ .
8 Stuart is at his desk.
____________________ .
9 My brother is on holiday
at the moment.
____________________ .
10 This CD is broken.
____________________ .
Language point 2 � question tags and
tag responses
In Dialogue 3, Paul says: You�re Mo, aren�t you? , and Mo answers: Yes, I am. In English, when we want to check that something we have said is true, we can add a QUESTION TAG after a STATEMENT which invites the other speaker to confirm what has been said. There are many different types of tag, so for now we will just look at one.
Paul makes a statement:
You�re Mo
but he wants to make sure this is true, so he adds: aren�t you?
so that Mo can tell him that he�s right:
Yes, I am
Here are some more examples of TAGGED STATEMENTS:
You�re a nurse, aren�t you?
You�re James, aren�t you?
You�re a computer technician, aren�t you?
You�re from Germany, aren�t you?
Mo responds to the tag using the FULL FORM of the verb be: Yes,I am; we
5
Add the correct question tags to these sentences � the first one has been done for you.
1 You�re a teacher, aren�t you?
2 Simon�s a footballer, ______ ?
3 Suzie�s a nurse, ______ ?
4 Pete and Dave are lawyers, ______ ?
5 Ela�s from Poland, _____ ?
6 This food�s delicious, ____ ?
7 We�re a bit late, ____ ?
8 It�s cold this morning, ____ ?
9 You�re from Finland, ____ ?
10 Ilse�s from Austria, ____ ?
Dialogue 4
ROSEMARY:
Stuart, this is Justine.
STUART:
Hello, Justine.
JUSTINE:
Pleased to meet you, Stuart.
ROSEMARY:
And this is Tim.
TIM:
Hello, Stuart.
Dialogue 5
JUSTINE:
Vicki � do you know Chris?
VICKI:
I don�t think so.
JUSTINE:
Chris, this is Vicki.
CHRIS:
Hello Vicki.
VICKI:
Hello Chris. Pleased to meet you.
Language point 3 � introducing people
You can find out if someone knows someone else, or introduce two people who don�t know each other, by asking one of them Do youknow . . .? followed by the name of the other person.
6
Vicki answers with I don�t think so, not because she isn�t sure but because this is a more indirect way of saying No � it would sound rather short just to say �No�. Let�s look at another example of two people being introduced to each other:
Dialogue 6
STUART:
Now then, are you Helen?
HELEN:
Yes, I am.
STUART:
And is that Su by the door?
HELEN:
Yes, it is.
STUART:
And are you Jenny?
JENNY:
Yes, I am!
STUART:
And is she Ann?
JENNY:
Yes she is! Well done!
Dialogue 7
SU:
Is the coffee ready?
SHAMIRA:
Yes, it is.
SU:
Good. Where�s the sugar?
SHAMIRA:
It�s over there on the table.
SU:
Are you sure, Shamira?
SHAMIRA:
Oh no � here it is, on Tim�s desk.
SU:
Is Tim off today?
SHAMIRA:
Yes, he is. He�s ill.
SU:
Poor Tim. Coffee for two, then?
7
Language point 4 � questions with the
verb �be�
We turn statements using the verb be into questions by simply changing the order of the pronoun (I, you, he, she, it, etc.) and verb in the full form. So:
I am
am I?
you are
are you?
he is
is he?
she is
is she?
Kevin is
is Kevin?
we are
are we?
they are
are they?
Ann and Jenny are
are Ann and Jenny?
Notice that there is no short form for questions: for example, instead of he is we usually say he�s, but we cannot say � �s he?� instead of is he?
(Most verbs in English
Turn these statements into questions � remember to use
The first one has been done for you.
1 I�m late.
Am I late?
2 Dave�s off work today.
_______________ ?
3 It�s cold outside.
_______________ ?
4 We�re in the right place.
_______________ ?
5 Everyone�s ready.
_______________ ?
6 You�re tired.
_______________ ?
7 They�re in the garden.
_______________ ?
8 Morgan and Eddie are here.
_______________ ?
9 Oliver�s outside.
_______________ ?
10 Jenny�s inside.
_______________ ?
8
Dialogue 8
BRIAN:
Is that Gerry over there?
STUART:
Yes, it is.
BRIAN:
And who�s that with him?
STUART:
That�s Ben.
BRIAN:
And where�s Sandra?
STUART:
She�s over there, by the window.
BRIAN:
Oh yes � and who�s that with her?
STUART:
That�s Dave.
Dialogue 9
BEN:
Right. Where�s Helen?
JUSTINE:
That�s her, by the door.
BEN:
And Stuart?
JUSTINE:
That�s him, at the computer.
BEN:
And what about Gerry and Adrian?
JUSTINE:
That�s them, by the coffee-machine.
BEN:
And finally what about Justine?
JUSTINE:
That�s me, silly!
9
Language point 5 � personal pronouns
When we looked at the verb be earlier in this unit we saw the PERSONAL PRONOUNS that are used with verbs in English. Here they are again:
I
you
he
she
we
they
These are mostly used before verbs. Notice that in English we have different pronouns in the singular for males and females, but we do not make a distinction in the plural: they is used for all third person subjects, whether male or female. And notice that you is both singular and plural, and both informal and formal � we
All the personal pronouns except you have two forms: the SUBJECT FORM and the OBJECT FORM:
SUBJECT FORM
I
you
he
she
we
they
OBJECT FORM
me
you
him
her
us
them
We use the object form of a personal pronouns when it is the OBJECT
of the sentence (see Grammatical terms) � we will look at this in a later unit � but we also use object forms in identification sentences, for example after That�s . . . , as in Dialogue 9, where Justine is pointing people out:
That�s him
�That�s he�
That�s her
�That�s she�
That�s them
�That�s they�
That�s me
�That�s I�
It is
Fill in the pronoun. The first one has been done for you.
1
Where�s Terry?
That�s him!
2
Where�s Janet?
That�s ___!
3
Where�s George?
That�s ___!
10
4
Where are Paul and Gerry?
That�s ___!
5
Where�s Su?
That�s ___!
6
Where are Ann and Tim?
That�s ___!
Idiom � what about . . . ?
In Dialogue 9, Ben asks Justine Where�s Helen? . Then he wants to ask the same about other people � he says What about Gerry and Adrian?
and What about Justine? . We use What about . . . ? to indicate that we�re asking the same question as before.
Here�s another example: Gerry wants to find out what kind of ice cream Adrian likes. This is how the conversation goes: GERRY:
Just answer yes or no, OK Adrian?
ADRIAN:
OK.
GERRY:
Do you like vanilla ice cream?
ADRIAN:
Yes.
GERRY:
What about strawberry?
ADRIAN:
Yes.
GERRY:
What about chocolate?
ADRIAN:
Yes.
GERRY:
What about lemon?
ADRIAN:
No.
GERRY:
And what about raspberry?
ADRIAN:
Yes.
GERRY:
Thanks for your help.
ADRIAN:
Don�t mention it.
Dialogue 10
SHAMIRA:
Excuse me, I don�t know your name.
KATH:
It�s Kath � hello!
SHAMIRA:
Hello, Kath � my name�s Shamira. Pleased to meet you.
KATH:
And you.
11
SHAMIRA:
Do you know the people in our office?
KATH:
I know their faces, but I don�t know all their names.
SHAMIRA:
Maybe I can help you out there?
KATH:
Yes. That person by the photocopier � what�s her name?
SHAMIRA:
That�s Helen. And the man sitting with her . . .
KATH:
I know his name � that�s Adrian, isn�t it?
SHAMIRA:
Yes � he�s our boss.
Language point 6 � possessive adjectives
Between them, Shamira and Kath cleverly manage to use all the POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES that correspond to the PERSONAL PRONOUNS
we�ve already met:
I
me
my
you
you
your
he
him
his
she
her
her
we
us
our
they
them
their
Fill in the blanks from the words in the box � some are personal pronouns and some are possessive adjectives.
1
Excuse ___, I don�t know ____ name.
2
Do ___ know that man over there? What�s ___ name?
3
___ recognise those people, but I don�t know ____ names.
4
Do ___ know Helen? That�s ____ by the window.
5
Hello, ___ name�s John � pleased to meet ___ .
6
____ don�t know James � can you introduce ____ ?
your
his
their
us
her
me
we
my
you
you
you
I
12
Dialogue 11
STUART:
Who�s that over there, then?
ROSEMARY:
That�s Dave.
STUART:
And the two people with him?
ROSEMARY:
Those are friends of his � but I don�t know their names. And then . . . you see that woman by the window?
STUART:
With the funny hat?
ROSEMARY:
Yes . . . that�s Miranda � her husband works with Steve in the garage down the road.
STUART:
And which one is Steve?
ROSEMARY:
Steve�s not here � he�s off on a course1 somewhere.
But there�s his brother, Mike. He�s in computers.
STUART:
Really? Like me!
ROSEMARY:
Let�s go and introduce ourselves, shall we?
STUART:
Good idea.
1 off on a course = �away from home doing a training programme�
Language point 7 � pointing people out
When we are indicating or pointing a person out, we use that rather than the pronouns he or she. So when Stuart indicates Dave to Rosemary for the first time, he doesn�t say Who�s he? � he says Who�s that? And Rosemary replies with That�s Dave. This is the normal way of pointing a person out in English, and it isn�t rude or impolite. It
�What�s it?�.
However, when we point out more than one person, we
� That�s Mick and Sandra.
Who are those people in
� That�s the Smiths.
the corner?
13
Who are they in the other
� That�s the Chinese students.
room?
Who are they at the bar?
� That�s the rugby club.
Notice that you have to be careful with the answers � you can use Those are with plurals, but
Language point 8 � �Let�s . . .�
When Rosemary says Let�s go . . . , shall we? , she�s making a suggestion to Stuart. This is a very common way of doing this in English
� you start with Let�s and then add the verb in its BASE-FORM (the dictionary form with nothing added):
Let�s go for a walk
Let�s phone James
Let�s order a pizza
Let�s have a barbecue
Then Rosemary adds the tag . . . , shall we? at the end to make the suggestion more open, inviting Stuart to agree or disagree with it.
In this case, Stuart agrees by saying Good idea � he could also have said any of these other phrases:
OK (, then)
All right (, then)
Fine
Fine by me
Why not?
Idioms
The adverb off has a number of idiomatic meanings in colloquial English. In Dialogue 7, Su asks Is Tim off today? , and in Dialogue 11, Rosemary says that Steve is off on a course � in this kind of-phrase, off
14
means away, and it can be used when someone
I�m off to London tomorrow
=
�I�m going to London
tomorrow�
I�m off in London tomorrow
=
�I will be in London tomorrow�
Jenny�s off in the morning
=
�Jenny is going away/leaving in
the morning�
Sometimes the same phrase can mean two different things: Jenny�s offtoday can mean either that Jenny is leaving to go somewhere today, or that she is away from work.
Rosemary tells Stuart that Mike�s in computers � this is an informal way of saying what kind of work he does; it means that his work is something to do with computers, but that Rosemary doesn�t know exactly what his job is. Compare these two statements: Mike�s in computers
Mike�s a software designer
The first description is vague or unspecific, while the second description is precise.
Here are some more examples of general descriptions of someone�s job:
Harry�s in publishing
Fiona�s in fashion
Kath�s in education
Paul�s in politics
Vicki�s in banking
James is in advertising
Finally, notice the difference between in and into in this type of sentence:
Mike�s in computers = Mike�s job involves computers Mike�s into computers = Mike�s interested in computers Stuart says Really? in response to a statement by Rosemary � this is not a true question (he�s not
15
I�m going to sail to New Zealand in my yacht
� Really?
Norman�s bought another horse
� Really?
Chocolate is an aphrodysiac
� Really?
More than a billion people speak Chinese
� Really?
Stuart adds Like me! to say that what Rosemary has just told him is true of Stuart as well. He could also have said Me too! , Same here!
or So am I! Here are some more examples:
Posh and Becks are English
� Like me!
Terry�s a long-distance lorry driver
� Me too!
My brother�s an accountant
� Same here!
Gerry�s going to Spain this summer
� So am I!
The first three responses can be used in all situations; but be careful with So am I! � it can only be used in answer to a statement using the verb be (on its own or in conjunction with another verb, as in the last example above).
Dialogue 12
ANN:
Rosemary, this is Marian � she�s from Brighton.
ROSEMARY:
Hello, Marian � what do you do for a job?
MARIAN:
I�m a teacher.
ROSEMARY:
So am I! Where do you teach?
MARIAN:
In the college here. What about you?
ROSEMARY:
I teach in a primary school.
Language point 9 � �a�/�an� and �the�
In Dialogue 9, Rosemary says I teach in a primary school � she uses the INDEFINITE ARTICLE with the noun because it is the first time it has appeared in the conversation. This is why we use the indefinite article when we say what someone�s job is:
I�m a doctor
Suzi�s a teacher
James is an airline pilot
she�s a nurse
he�s a footballer
Paul�s a university lecturer
16
Jeremy�s a poet
Harold�s an estate agent
Jane�s an orthodontist
Mike�s a surgeon
Fiona�s an archaeologist
The indefinite article has two forms: a and an � you can tell which one to use by the
� if the following word begins with a CONSONANT sound, we use a
� if the following word begins with a VOWEL sound, we use an
Remember that it is the
In the list above you can see that Paul is a university lecturer � the word university begins with a vowel in writing, but the first sound of the word is /j/, which is a consonant sound, so a is correct here.
Pronunciation
Many very commonly used words in English have both STRONG and WEAK pronunciations. In normal speech we use the weak pronunciation of these words, unless we want to emphasise them for some reason.
The weak pronunciations of the indefinite article are /ə/ and
/ən/ � make sure you use these when you are speaking! We will meet a lot more weak pronunciations in Unit 2 (Language point 13).
Look at these people�s jobs � complete these sentences using a
1 John�s ___ doctor.
2 Fiona�s ___ nurse.
3 My sister�s ___ university student.
4 My father�s ___ pilot.
5 Dave�s ___ architect.
6 Simon�s ___ writer.
7 Suzie�s ___ optician.
8 My father�s ___ airline pilot.
9 Kath�s ___ psychologist.
10 Roger�s ___ assistant librarian.
17
Listen to the audio of people telling you their names and their jobs, then fill in the information.
1 Pete
�
lawyer
2 ____
�
architect
3 James
�
______
4 Helen
�
______
5 Susan
�
______
6 _____
�
taxi driver
7 _____
�
actor
8 _____
�
farmer
9 Henry
�
______
10 Lisa
�
______
We use the DEFINITE ARTICLE the when talking about something that has already been mentioned, or that we know about anyway: James is taking a taxi to the airport
Tom works in an office in the city
We already know about the airport, and about the city, but not about the taxi or the office � these are �new information�.
old information
�
�the�
new information
�
�a�/�an�
We also use a/an to talk about
The sun is a star
(There is only
Be careful! The definite article the is used with
18
Pronunciation
The is pronounced /ðə/ before CONSONANT sounds, but /ð/ before VOWEL sounds:
the nurse
/ðə ns/
the architect
/ð `ɑkt�kt/
the university
/ðə jun`vsti/
the hour
/ð `ɑuwə/
Complete these sentences using a/an or the. Don�t worry if you don�t completely understand the sentences � concentrate on the types of nouns.
1 Please could you tell me where ___ bank is?
2 We�re going to ___ cinema after lunch.
3 ___ streets in ___ town centre are flooded.
4 We�re staying in ___ large room on ___ fifth floor.
5 You need ___ telescope to see ___ Moon in detail.
6 Would you like ___ cup of tea?
7 What�s ___ weather like today?
8 Have you got ___ ten-pound note I could borrow?
9 Paris is ___ capital of France.
10 ___ Russian Federation is ___ very large country.
Dialogue 13
VICKI:
I�m off now � bye, everybody!
HELEN:
Bye, Vicki!
JENNY:
Bye, Vicki � see you tomorrow!
STUART:
See you, Vicki!
ROSEMARY:
Bye, Vicki!
19
Language point 10 � saying goodbye
You may have noticed that
actually said Goodbye � in colloquial English this phrase is usually shortened to Bye. It is always okay to use this when you are leaving someone and want to say goodbye.
We can also use the phrase Bye bye, particularly when talking to little children.
Another very common phrase is See you! � you can say just this, or, if you know when you�ll see the person again, you can add a time phrase like tomorrow, on Friday or next week. In normal speech See you is usually pronounced / `si:jə/ � make sure you use this pronunciation when you�re speaking. If you don�t know when you�ll next see the person, you can also say See you round or Seeyou around � nobody in Dialogue 13 says this, because they all expect to see Vicki tomorrow.
2 Where are
you from?
In this unit you will learn how to:
� use the negative
� find out information about people
� talk about things that happen regularly or all the time
� use question words
� say that something belongs to someone
Dialogue 1
GERRY:
Hello, Ian.
ADRIAN:
I�m not Ian, I�m Adrian.
GERRY:
Oh! . . . Sorry!
. . . who�s Ian, then?
ADRIAN:
That�s Ian, over there.
GERRY:
Thanks!
Dialogue 2
GERRY:
Hello � you�re Ian, aren�t you?
IAN:
Yes, I am. Isn�t your name Steve?
GERRY:
No, no � I�m Gerry.
21
IAN:
Oh, you�re Gerry, are you?
GERRY:
Yes, I am. I work with Steve.
IAN:
Do you? Where�s Steve, then?
GERRY:
I don�t know.
Language point 11 � negative short
forms
In Unit 1 we saw how the verb be has special SHORT FORMS in the present tense when making statements. Another important set of short forms with the verb be involves the NEGATIVE word not:
I am not
I�m not
you are not
you�re not
he is not
he�s not
she is not
she�s not
it is not
it�s not
we are not
we�re not
they are not
they�re not
As you can see, when we add not to the present tense of be, we have a choice of how to do it � we�re allowed
keep the short form of the verb and simply add not: he�s + not = he�s not
use the full form of the verb and add not:
he is + not = he isn�t
Both these ways are correct, and there is normally no difference in meaning or use. But there is no choice with I am not � the only short form possible here is I�m not and it is wrong to say �I amn�t�.
Another short form you need to know is don�t (do + not) � we�ll see why later in this unit.
Notice that the short form n�t is written with the verb as
we aren�t
�we are n�t�
22
Turn the statements into negatives, using both SHORT forms we have learnt. Be careful � in one of them you can
1
Pete�s in the office today.
Pete isn�t in the office today.
Pete�s not in the office today.
2
We�re ready to go.
________________________
________________________
3
I�m at home tomorrow.
________________________
________________________
4
They�re in the kitchen.
________________________
________________________
5
You�re very late.
________________________
________________________
6
Suzie�s back at work.
________________________
________________________
7
It�s very cold today.
________________________
________________________
8
She�s in the garden.
________________________
________________________
Dialogue 3
JO:
Mark � this is Di, a friend of mine from work.
MARK:
Pleased to meet you, Di.
DI:
Hello, Mark. How do you know Jo?
MARK:
We go to the same fitness club . . . don�t we, Jo?
JO:
That�s right.
Dialogue 4
ANDY:
When do you usually get up, Bob?1
BOB:
I get up at seven during the week, but I don�t get up so early at the weekend.
ANDY:
So . . . when do you leave for work?
BOB:
I leave the house at about eight.
23
ANDY:
And how do you get to work?
BOB:
I walk to work, because I live close to my office.
ANDY:
And when do you get back?
BOB:
About six.
ANDY:
What do you do in the evenings?
BOB:
Sometimes I go and work out2 in the gym. Or I watch TV. Or I go and see friends.
1 get up = �rise�, �get out of bed in the morning�
2 work out = �do exercises�
Language point 12 � present simple
There are two present tenses in English: the PRESENT SIMPLE and the PRESENT CONTINUOUS. Mark uses the PRESENT SIMPLE when he says Wego to the same fitness club, because he is talking about an action that happens regularly.
The present simple is easy to form in English: with I, you, we and they we use the BASE-FORM of the verb (the form of the verb without any endings, as listed in the dictionary); and with he, she, it and nouns (names of people and things) we add -s or -es. We only add -es if the verb ends in a vowel (e.g. go) or in -ch, -s, -sh,
-x or -z; otherwise we use -s. Here are some examples of the present simple:
I live
I work
I run
I go
I finish
he lives
he works
he runs
he goes
he finishes
The verb have has an irregular s-form has /hz/.
Pronunciation
The -s ending is pronounced /s/ after VOICELESS sounds (works �
/wks/), but /z/ after VOICED sounds (lives /lvz/, runs /rnz/); the
-es ending is pronounced /z/ after a CONSONANT: finishes /`fnʃz /, but /z/ after a VOWEL: goes /ə�z/. The s-forms of two verbs, does and says, have irregular pronunciations: /dz/ and /s�z/.
We form questions in the present simple by using the AUXILIARY
verb do, which is also used for the TAGS:
24
Do you live in Heathfield?
(TAG RESPONSE: �Yes, I do�/�No, I don�t�)
Does James work in an office?
(TAG RESPONSE:
�Yes, he does�/�No, he doesn�t�)
And we also use do when we start a sentence with a question word such as how . . . ? :
How do you know Jo?
How does Charlie go to work?
The negative of the present simple uses don�t/doesn�t /`də�nt/
/`dznt/:
I don�t speak Italian.
My sister doesn�t speak Italian either.
Be careful! The present simple is
that are taking place now. We will see how to do this in the next unit.
Look at the answers and complete the questions. The first one is done for you.
1 Where does Fred work?
(Fred)
He works in a shop.
2 ____________________ ?
(drink tea)
No, I don�t.
3 ____________________ ?
(that bus/station)
Yes, it goes to the station.
4 ____________________ ?
(Spanish)
No, she only speaks French.
5 ____________________ ?
(Pete and Sally/Italian)
No, they speak Esperanto.
6 Where ______________ ?
I teach in a school.
25
7 Where ______________ ?
(this bus)
It goes to the town centre.
8 ____________________ ?
(Su/nearby)
Yes, she lives next door.
9 When _______________ ?
(Mick and Sandra)
They leave at nine o�clock.
10 When _______________ ?
(the post)
It arrives early in the morning.
Here are some things Stephen and his friends do and don�t do.
Complete the sentences using the information from the box.
speak Russian
play the piano
drink coffee
speak Russian
wear glasses
drink coffee
play the piano
wear glasses
1
[+]
Stephen speaks Russian
2
[�]
Oliver
___________
3
[�]
James
___________
4
[+]
Jenny
___________
5
[�]
Stephen
___________
6
[�]
Jenny
___________
7
[+]
James
___________
8
[+]
Oliver
___________
26
Dialogue 5
JULIE:
That�s your brother Dave, isn�t it?
CHRIS:
Yes, it is.
JULIE:
And who�s that with him?
CHRIS:
That�s his wife. She�s called Debbie, and she�s from Australia.
JULIE:
Do they live here?
CHRIS:
No, they live in Australia � in Sydney. He�s a lorry driver, and she�s a nurse.
JULIE:
Do they both work in Sydney?
CHRIS:
No � Debbie works in one of the hospitals, but Dave drives all over the country.
JULIE:
Have they got any children?
CHRIS:
Two boys.
[
JULIE:
How handsome they are!
CHRIS:
Thank you!
Language point 13 � weak forms
A number of very common short words in English have two pronunciations: a FULL PRONUNCIATION when they are given special emphasis, and a more common WEAK PRONUNCIATION otherwise.
Here are some that we have had already � if you have the cassettes/
CDs, listen again to the Dialogues we have had so far and see if you can hear the weak pronunciations.
the
/ði/
/ð/, /ðə/
to
/tu/
/tə/
at
/t/
/ət/
for
/fɔr/
/fə/
and
/nd/
/ən(d)/
do
/du/
/də/
or
/ɔr/
/ə/
of
/ɔv/
/əv/
your
/jɔr/
/jər/
him
/hm/
/m/
her
/h�r/
/ər/
from
/frɔm/
/frəm/
27
Dialogue 6
ANDY: Do you mind if I sit here?
BETH:
Not at all.
ANDY: It�s busy in here, isn�t it?
BETH:
It�s always like this in the mornings.
ANDY: Do you live round here?
BETH:
No � I live a few miles away. But I work just round the corner. What about you?
ANDY: I�m visiting friends for the day.
BETH:
Where do you come from, then?
ANDY: From Bristol. But I live in Cambridge now, because that�s where I work.
BETH:
So what do you do?
ANDY: I�m a doctor. What about you?
BETH:
I work for a publisher�s.
28
Language point 14 � forms of the verb
There are
talk �
this is the simplest form of the verb, with
no endings added
S-FORM
talks
ING-FORM
talking
ED-FORM
talked
TO-FORM
to talk � this is the same as the base-form, but with to in front
However, a lot of common verbs in English are IRREGULAR in the ED-FORM (for example, speak changes to spoke,
�stoping�).
We will deal with all these things as the course goes on � all you have to do for now is remember the names of the forms and what they look like with a regular verb.
In this unit we have seen the base-form and the S-FORM. We saw that the s-form is used in the PRESENT SIMPLE in the third person singular, but that otherwise the present simple is the same as the base-form; and we saw Andy in Dialogue 6 use the base-form after Do you mind if I . . . ?
In the next unit we will look at the ING-FORM.
Dialogue 7
JANE:
Here we are, then. Now . . . whose is the latte?
FRED:
That�s mine.
JANE:
And the cappuccino is yours, Su, isn�t it?
SU:
No, that�s mine there � the mocha.
JANE:
Right. And mine is the Americano, so the espresso is yours, Rod.
ROD:
That�s right. Now . . . where�s the sugar?
29
Language point 15 � wh-questions
When we ask for information, there is a set of special words that can be used to start the question:
where?
/w�ər/
what?
/wɔt/
when?
/w�n/
why?
/wa/
who?
/hu/
whose?
/huz/
(this word means
�belonging to who?�)
which?
/wtʃ/
(this word is used
to
Because they all begin with wh-, the questions they ask are called wh-questions. There is also a question word that doesn�t begin with wh-, which is how?, but we include it in the WH-WORDs anyway.
We�ve already met what? and who? in Unit 1 when we were talking about finding out people�s names:
What�s your name?
Who�s that over there?
Here are some more examples with the verb be: What�s the time?
Why is James late?
Where are my gloves?
Whose car is that over there?
Which is mine?
If we use the present simple after these words, we need do/does, because this is how we form questions with the present simple.
Where do you live?
� I live in Heathfield
What do you think?
� I think it�s a great idea!
How does this work?
� It works on batteries
Which do you prefer?
� I prefer this one
30
Complete these sentences with the correct wh-word.
1 Wh___ knows the answer?
2 Wh___ does this word mean?
3 Wh___ shall I put these bags?
4 Wh___ does the next train leave?
5 Wh___ is he looking at me like that?
6 Wh___ dress do you like?
7 Wh___ do they live now?
8 Wh___ book is this?
9 Wh___ do you think of that idea?
10 Wh___ is that man�s name?
Match the meanings of these wh-words with the words in the box.
1
What?
is used to identify a thing
2
Who?
is used to identify ______
3
Where?
is used to identify ______
4
When?
is used to identify ______
5
Why?
is used to identify ______
6
Whose?
is used to identify ______
7
Which?
is used to identify ______
8
How?
is used to identify ______
a place
an owner
a time
a person
a choice
a thing
a reason
a way/method
Language point 16 � mine and
yours
In Dialogue 7, Fred says That�s mine, meaning That�s my latte.
Look at these two sentences:
This is my coffee
This coffee is mine
�This coffee is my�
31
And these two:
Is this your coffee?
Is this coffee yours?
�Is this coffee your?�
my and your are POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (Unit 1) and are used
her
hers
his
his (no difference)
our
ours
their
theirs
Other possessives have the same form whether they are adjectives or pronouns:
This is Anna�s coffee
This coffee is Anna�s
We will meet the possessive �s in the next unit (Language point 19).
Be careful! Although my, your, etc. are adjectives, they
be used with a, some, this, that, these, or those � instead we have to use of + PRONOUN after the noun. So, in Dialogue 3, Jo calls Di a friend of mine,
Here are some more examples:
this house
this house of yours
�this your house�
�your this house�
some friends
some friends of ours
�some our friends�
�our some friends�
those children
those children of hers
�those her children�
�her those children�
32
Correct the following sentences. Be careful! One of them doesn�t need correcting.
1
I�m pleased with my present, but are you pleased with yours?
2
Where do you want to go � my place or your?
3
Is this book his or her?
4
This drink is your and that one�s my.
5
I�ve forgotten mine mobile phone.
6
His workbook is not as neat as my.
Look at the possessive adjectives and nouns and rewrite them as a phrase. The first one has been done for you.
1
this + your good news
this good news of yours
2
that + his kind mother
____________________
3
some + our close friends
____________________
4
a + my great idea
____________________
5
those + her friends
____________________
6
this + their stupid idea
____________________
Listen to the audio of this group of friends deciding what to order at the café, then fill in the details of the orders next to the names.
Henry
_________
_________
Dave
_________
_________
Su
_________
_________
Kath
_________
_________
3 Could you tell
me where the
bank is?
In this unit you will learn how to:
� ask and say where things are
� ask the way to places in town
� talk about things that are happening now
� give and understand instructions
� tell people not to do something
Dialogue 1
JAC:
Excuse me, could you tell me where the bank is?
PASSER-BY:
The bank? It�s just over there, next to the supermarket.
JAC:
Ah yes � thanks very much.
Dialogue 2
NINA:
Excuse me � could you tell me how to get to the tourist information office?
PASSER-BY:
Hang on1 . . . let�s see now. Right, go back to the post office and turn right. And then go along the road till you get to a big supermarket. The tourist information office is opposite.
NINA:
And what�s the supermarket called?
34
PASSER-BY:
MegaSave, I think. Shall I write it down for you?
NINA:
No, I think I�ve got it. Thanks a lot.
PASSER-BY:
Bye!
1 Hang on = �Wait a moment�
Language point 17 � commands
The BASE-FORM of the verb can be used on its own to tell someone to do something:
Open the door
Close the window
Lock the door
But in colloquial English this way of giving commands is rather short and can sound rude.
If we want to give someone
Turn left at the traffic lights
Go straight ahead
Plug the computer in and switch on
It doesn�t matter whether you are talking to one person or more than one � the base-form stays the same.
Be careful! Normally, except with close friends, or when
telling someone to do something nice, we
If we want to tell someone
Don�t wait for me
Don�t pay the bill
Don�t worry
35
Say where you think you would find the following orders. Write the correct letters in the blanks.
1 library
_j_
a Don�t annoy the teacher!
2 park
___
b Don�t smoke near the patients!
3 bar
___
c Don�t forget to turn off your
mobile!
4 restaurant
___
d Don�t forget your passport!
5 hospital
___
e Don�t forget the present!
6 classroom
___
f Don�t drink too much!
7 airport
___
g Don�t complain about the food!
8 swimming pool ___
h Don�t pick the flowers!
9 cinema
___
i Don�t dive!
10 birthday party
___
j Don�t make too much noise!
Language point 18 � asking people
to do things
Instead of giving commands (Language point 17), we usually
Could you open the window (please)?
Would you close the door (please)?
Or we can use the auxiliary as a TAG, and start with the base-form: Open the door, could you?
Close the door, would you?
Correct these instructions and requests. Be careful! One of them
1
Slip not on the ice!
________________________
2
Wait please here a minute.
________________________
36
3
Be not rude to customers!
________________________
4
Do this work now, please.
________________________
5
Don�t please throw litter.
________________________
6
Open the door, you could?
________________________
7
You could close the door,
________________________
please?
8
Do wait not for me.
________________________
Dialogue 3
TERRY:
Excuse me, am I going the right way for the bus station?
PASSER-BY:
Let�s see now . . . yes � keep going down here till you reach the traffic lights, then turn right and you�ll see the bus station at the end of the road.
TERRY:
Thanks a lot.
PASSER-BY:
Quite all right.
Idiom
We use the phrase Let�s see now to signal to the person we�re talking to that we need a moment to think.
Language point 19 � genitive
In Dialogue 3 the passer-by says:
the end of the road
�the road�s end�
But we say
John�s book
�the book of John�
So we have two GENITIVE constructions in English:
POSSESSIVE:
John�s book
(X�s Y)
OF-PHRASE:
the end of the road
(the Y of X)
37
How do we decide which to use?
We prefer the possessive (X�s Y):
when X is a
Laura�s exam results
when Y
Gerry�s hand, Fred�s car
but otherwise we generally prefer of (the Y of X) the door of the school
the middle of the night
the end of the war
Decide which of the two options is correct for each phrase.
1 John�s book
The book of John
2 The road�s end
The end of the road
3 My sister�s clothes
The clothes of my sister
4 The house�s top
The top of the house
5 The week�s end
The end of the week
6 Alice�s new car
The new car of Alice
7 The pool�s bottom
The bottom of the pool
8 The night�s middle
The middle of the night
9 My brother�s house
The house of my brother
10 Our cat�s ears
The ears of our cat
Dialogue 4
PASSER-BY:
You look lost � can I help?
SASHA:
Oh thank you � yes, I
PASSER-BY:
That�s miles away! No wonder you look lost! Get the 22 bus from the corner here, and get off at Southwold Terrace. Then turn left into York Avenue, and carry on until you get to the gallery.
SASHA:
Could you write it down for me? I�m bound to get lost again otherwise.
38
PASSER-BY:
Certainly . . . [
. . . there you are.
SASHA:
Thank you for your help.
PASSER-BY:
Not at all. Enjoy the art gallery!
SASHA:
I will. Bye!
PASSER-BY:
Bye!
Second
left
First
left
First
right
Straight
Second
ahead
right
Idioms
� no wonder means �I�m not surprised that . . .�
� I�m bound to . . . means �I�m certain to . . .�
� We use There you are when we
� otherwise means �if not�:
Hurry up, otherwise we�ll miss the bus.
= �Hurry up � if we don�t hurry up, we�ll miss the bus.�
39
Language point 20 � phrasal verbs
A PHRASAL VERB is a VERB + ADVERB which together have a special meaning. For example, carry on in Dialogue 4 means continue � it has nothing to do with carry.
Phrasal verbs are very important in colloquial English � they are often used instead of more formal �standard� words. Here are some more examples:
find out
=
�discover�
turn up
=
�arrive�
let down
=
�disappoint�
fall out
=
�argue�
break down
=
�stop working� (machine)
It�s usually the very common verbs in English that form phrasal verbs � verbs such as:
come
go
put
set
take
turn
give
let
find
make
and the ADVERBS that go with them to make phrasal verbs are usually adverbs of
away
in
over
across
back
off
through
along
by
on
under
around
down
out
up
Remember: the important thing about phrasal verbs is that they often (though not always) have a meaning that is
� we simply have to learn that turn up is a
Another characteristic of phrasal verbs is that many of them have
(start journey)
The burglar set off the alarm (activate)
40
You can buy special dictionaries of phrasal verbs in English, with examples of all their different meanings. You have to be careful where you put pronoun objects (me, him, her, etc. � see Language point 5) with phrasal verbs. In Dialogue 2 the passer-by uses the phrasal verb write down, and says
Shall I write it down for you
�Shall I write down it for you�
She puts the object it
You will meet phrasal verbs in most of the units that follow, and you will find a short section at the end of the unit explaining their meanings.
Dialogue 5
HELEN:
Excuse me � I�m looking for the tourist information office. Could you tell me how to get there?
PASSER-BY:
Yes � go down this road and take the first right, then the second left and you�ll see the information office on the corner.
HELEN:
So: down here, first right, second left and it�s on the corner.
PASSER-BY:
That�s right!
HELEN:
Thanks for your help.
PASSER-BY:
Bye.
Language point 21 � -ing and the present
continuous
In Dialogue 5 Helen says I�m looking for the tourist informationoffice � she uses the PRESENT CONTINUOUS rather that the present simple, because she�s describing an action
PRESENT SIMPLE
Steve drinks coffee
(every day)
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Steve�s drinking coffee (at the moment)
41
We form the present continuous by adding the verb be to the ING-FORM of the main verb:
I�m drinking tea
you�re drinking coffee
he�s drinking milk
she�s drinking orange juice
we�re drinking hot chocolate
they�re drinking water
The ing-form never changes, but the AUXILIARY be does. (Go back and revise this if you need to � Language points 1, 4 and 11.) We form questions and negatives like this:
(+)
He�s drinking milk
(?)
Is he drinking milk?
(�)
He isn�t drinking milk
We form the ing-form of the verb simply by adding ing to the base-form:
drink
drinking
eat
eating
talk
talking
But there are some changes sometimes:
Spelling rules
A base-form ending in a silent e
coming
release
releasing
One-syllable base-forms ending in a single vowel + single b p m n r t
stopping
run
running
slam
slamming
hit
hitting
rob
robbing
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Write the ing-form of the following verbs.
1 remove ___________
2 write
___________
3 read
___________
4 hurry
___________
5 fit
___________
6 open
___________
7 fly
___________
8 chase
___________
9 pay
___________
10 ask
___________
Write the following sentences in the correct present tense.
1
I (eat/�m eating) lunch now.
2
Dave (reads/�s reading) a book every week.
3
These plants (grow/are growing) better outside.
4
This bus always (goes/is going) to the airport.
5
Terry (reads/�s reading) the paper � don�t disturb him.
6
My granny was born in Russia � she (speaks/�s speaking) Russian.
Change these present continuous sentences into questions.
1
She�s going to the library.
Is she going to the library?
2
They�re waiting for us.
_______________________ ?
3
Dave�s studying Law.
_______________________ ?
4
The children are having
_______________________ ?
breakfast.
5
Jack and Jill are washing
_______________________ ?
the car.
6
The weather�s improving.
_______________________ ?
7
This music is disturbing them. _______________________ ?
8
I�m driving too fast.
_______________________ ?
43
Change these sentences as indicated.
1
These flowers smell very
[�]
These flowers don�t smell
nice
very nice
2
I understand you
[�]
__________________________
3
She�s asking a question
[?]
__________________________
4
These shoes belong to
[?]
__________________________
Suzie
5
You understand me
[?]
__________________________
6
Am I reading the paper?
[�]
__________________________
7
Is Gerry reading the
[+]
__________________________
paper?
8
We aren�t listening
[+]
__________________________
Language point 22 � get
In Dialogue 5, Helen says Could you tell me how to get there? �
she means arrive or reach. And in Dialogue 2 Nina says I�ve got it
� she means that she has understood.
The passer-by in Dialogue 4 tells Sasha to get the 22 bus fromthe corner here � she means take � and Sasha says she doesn�t want to get lost again � she means become lost.
Get is a verb with many different meanings in colloquial English
� have a look in a dictionary and see how many are listed. Here are just a few of the more common ones:
receive
arrive
understand
take
become
fetch
Using get instead of these (sometimes more formal) verbs is a typical feature of colloquial English.
In this unit we also see get as a PHRASAL VERB � here are some very useful ones which you should learn:
get on
James is getting on the bus
(enter vehicle)
get off
Let�s get off at the next stop
(leave vehicle)
get up
I get up at seven o�clock
(rise)
every morning
44
get in
Get in the car, boys!
(enter vehicle)
get out
Let�s get out of here
(leave; go away)
get away
The thieves tried to get away
(escape)
Life and living � a trip down the
high street
If you�re too shy to ask the way, or if you�re simply not pushed fortime, you can get to know where everything is in town by having a look round and keeping your eyes open. Let�s take a short walk down a typical high street, shall we? I�ll lead the way and we�ll see if we can spot any useful or interesting places.
45
Over here on the left, on our side of the street, is the supermarket, and right next to it there�s the post office � every town has one of these somewhere, and you can tell it by its red sign. Over there on the other side of the street you can see some smaller shops: there�s a newsagent�s on the corner, and a couple of cafés � we might go in one of those later for a cup of tea . . . what do you think?
Further down on the right is the bus station, and just behind that you can probably just see the sports and leisure centre, which is open to everyone; you can often find private sports and health clubs in towns as well � they�re smaller and you have to pay to be a member.
Now � can you see that big old building coming up on the left, opposite the bus station? That�s the public library. Actually, that reminds me � I�ve got to take some books back there today or tomorrow, otherwise I�ll get a fine. Anyway, just a bit further on, there are two banks, one on either side of the street, and then you can see some traffic lights. Then there are some more small shops just past the lights, including a butcher�s and a greengrocer�s, and some Indian and Chinese restaurants. Then if we stop here outside the pub and look straight ahead, that building in the distance is the railway station � it�s about a ten-minute walk from the town centre.
There we are � a typical British high street. So now let�s go back the way we came � I think I could do with that cup of tea now.
shy � afraid to talk to people
pushed for time � with not much time; so �I�m not pushed for time� means
�I�ve got plenty of time� or �I needn�t worry about time�
typical � usual, normal
lead the way � go first
spot � notice
over here � here near us
supermarket � large shop that sells all kinds of food right next to � immediately next to, next door to post office � public building where you can send letters and parcels tell � recognise
sign � name board outside a shop
newsagent�s � shop that sells newspapers
corner � point where two roads join
couple of � two
46
further � more far
just see � see with difficulty, see if you try hard sports and leisure centre � public building where you can do sports and fitness exercises
private � not open to the public
member � someone who belongs to a club or organisation coming up � approaching
library � public building which lends books reminds me � makes me remember
fine � a penalty, money you have to pay as punishment for something a bit � a little
either side � both sides
traffic lights � red, yellow and green lights to control the traffic butcher�s � shop that sells meat
greengrocer�s � shop that sells vegetables
restaurants � places where you can sit down and eat a meal pub � place where you can sit and drink alcoholic drinks and eat food railway station � place where trains stop
could do with � need
4 Have you got
any bread?
In this unit you will learn how to:
� use countable and uncountable nouns
� ask for and buy things in shops
� ask the price of something
� use numbers
� use British money
� say that you want or don�t want something
Dialogue 1
HELEN:
Hello. Have you got any bread left?
ASSISTANT:
Yes � we�ve got white and brown, sliced and unsliced.
HELEN:
Give me a brown sliced loaf, please. Oh, and a box of matches, and a bottle of milk.
ASSISTANT:
Anything else?
HELEN:
Let�s see . . . some apples and some cat food.
ASSISTANT:
How many apples would you like?
HELEN:
Half a dozen.
ASSISTANT:
And how much cat food?
HELEN:
Two tins1 will do, I think. How much does that come to?
ASSISTANT:
�5.86, please.
HELEN:
[
Thanks a lot.
48
ASSISTANT:
Thank you. Bye.
HELEN:
Bye.
1 tin � a sealed metal container for food. The food in the tin can be either uncountable (cat food, ham, rice pudding) or countable (carrots, potatoes), but the tin itself is always countable! Another word for tin is can, which is used in the UK
particularly for drinks. For an explanation of uncountable and countable nouns, see Language point 23 below.
Idioms
� will do means �will be enough�
� come to means �add up to�; how much does it come to? means
�what is the total that I have to pay?�
Language point 23 � counting and
quantity
There are two types of noun in English:
� nouns such as cup, egg, garden, book, mouse which are COUNTABLE (C)
� nouns such as water, milk, butter, food which are UNCOUNTABLE
(UC)
They are used in different ways.
� can have PLURALS: cups, eggs, gardens, books, mice
� are used in the singular with a/an: a cup, an egg, a garden
� can be used with numbers: three mice, seven books
� are used with many: how many cups? , too many books
� usually
� usually
� are used with much: how much water? , too much food
� usually
�seven waters�
49
� can be used with the: the garden, the gardens, the milk
� can be used with some, any and a lot of: Have you got any bread?
Have you got any eggs?
Give me some apples and some cat food
There are a lot of children here
There�s a lot of snow outside
� can be used with QUANTITY WORDS:
a box of matches
a pint of milk
Be careful! In colloquial English we
on their own, except in NEGATIVE sentences � instead we say alot of:
There�s a lot of food on the table
There are a lot of people in the meeting
But
There isn�t much food on the table
There aren�t many people in the meeting
And we
Notice in Dialogue 1 that Helen says:
Have you got any bread left?
�Have you got bread left?�
We generally put some (statements) and any (questions and negatives) before plural nouns and uncountable nouns.
50
More examples:
I need some eggs
I need some milk
Has Sandra got any children?
Has Sandra got any food in the house?
We don�t want any biscuits
We don�t want any cake
Candace has made shopping list. Look at the items on it and write whether they are countable nouns (C) or uncountable nouns (UC).
1 eggs
____
2 milk
____
3 apples
____
4 newspaper
____
5 butter
____
6 carrots
____
7 washing-up liquid
____
8 twelve bars of chocolate
____
9 cheese
____
10 biscuits
____
11 rice
____
12 bottles of water
____
13 a chicken
____
14 an English book
____
15 toothpaste
____
16 light bulbs
____
17 toothbrush
____
18 playing cards
____
19 tin of rice pudding
____
20 box of soap powder
____
Bert�s also made a shopping list. Complete it by adding either a/an
1 ____ soap
11 ____ eggs
2 ____ teabags
12 ____ newspaper
3 ____ loaf of bread
13 ____ melon
51
4 ____ rice
14 ____ orange juice
5 ____ bag of carrots
15 ____ extra bottle of milk
6 ____ butter
16 ____ pencil
7 ____ toothbrush
17 ____ pizzas
8 ____ box of matches
18 ____ yoghurts
9 ____ kilogram of ice cream
19 ____ sour cream
10 ____ coffee
20 ____ bottle of wine
Dialogue 2
SIMON:
Did you get any milk?
HELEN:
Yes, I got a pint.
SIMON:
And did they have any bread left?
HELEN:
Yes, they did. I got us a brown loaf.
SIMON:
And what else did you get?
HELEN:
I got some apples and two tins of cat food.
SIMON:
Good � we were right out of cat food.
HELEN:
And I got some matches.
SIMON:
Right � would you like a cup of tea?
HELEN:
[
SIMON:
Afraid so. I�ll get some later.
HELEN:
OK.
52
Idioms
� we�re right out of (cat food) means �We haven�t got any cat food left�, �the cat food has all gone�; and so we�re out of them means
�we haven�t gone any more of them left�.
� left means �remaining�:
How many have you got left?
There are three biscuits left
There�s nobody left in the building
� we use oh hell! when we are cross or angry about something that has happened � it�s
Oh hell, I�ve locked myself out!
Oh hell, we�ve missed the bus!
Oh hell, we�re out of milk!
� afraid so, or I�m afraid so, means �Unfortunately you�re right� or
�Unfortunately what you say is correct�.
Language point 24 � �did� auxiliary
We have already seen do as an AUXILIARY in the present simple (Language point 12):
Do you speak Italian?
(present simple question)
I don�t speak Italian
(present simple negative)
I speak Italian
�I do speak Italian�
If we change do (present) to did (past) and use it with the BASE-FORM in the same way, we can talk about the past: Did you get any milk?
(past simple question)
I didn�t get any teabags
(past simple negative)
But in ordinary statements (in just the same way as the present simple) we
�I did get a pint�
53
� she uses the past simple got. We will see how to do past simple statements in Unit 9 � for now remember the difference between the do and did auxiliaries.
Complete the sentences using either do
1
____ you see Gerry yesterday?
2
____ you speak English?
3
____ you know where the bank is?
4
____ you get enough wine for the party?
5
____ you go to work by bus usually?
6
____ you go to work by bus today?
7
____ you watch the film on TV last night?
8
____ you know what the capital of Switzerland is?
Fill in the blanks from the box � you can use each word only once.
1
Do your parents live nearby?
2
____ Fiona speak French?
3
Su and Shamira ____ like the cold weather.
4
I ____ buy enough food for the party, I�m afraid.
5
We ____ usually buy a Sunday paper.
6
____ Justine tell you about the party?
7
James ____ like hot food.
8
____ they want to come to the party with us?
did
don�t
does
do
don�t
doesn�t
do
didn�t
Dialogue 3
JENNY:
Two lemonades, please.
ASSISTANT:
Would you like ice with those?
JENNY:
Yes please. And a pint of lager . . .
54
ASSISTANT:
We haven�t got any lager today.
JENNY:
Oh. What kind of beer
ASSISTANT:
We haven�t got any.
JENNY:
No beer? OK, I�ll have a glass of wine.
ASSISTANT:
Red or white?
JENNY:
Red, please.
ASSISTANT:
We haven�t got any more red, unfortunately.
JENNY:
Oh for goodness sake! �
ASSISTANT:
We haven�t got any white either.
JENNY:
Just give me three bags of crisps, then.
ASSISTANT:
Sold out.
JENNY:
No beer, no wine, no crisps, What kind of pub is this?
ASSISTANT:
A bad one.
Idiom
� When something is sold out it means the shop has sold it all and there�s none left:
We�ve sold out of oranges
= �We�ve sold all our oranges (so you can�t buy any here)�
� We say for goodness sake when we are irritated or cross about something, or we are losing our patience with the situation. It�s
Oh hurry up, for goodness sake!
Oh for goodness sake, stop complaining!
Language point 25 � �have�
We saw got in Language point 24 � but got is also used with have to show
We haven�t got any lager
55
Look at some more examples:
I�ve got five pounds
Terry hasn�t got any money at all
Susan�s got a Ferrari
Have you got a ten-pound note?
Notice that got doesn�t change, but that have changes to has for the third person singular, and that we use SHORT FORMS of have in statements, and LONG FORMS + n�t in the negative: I�ve
I haven�t
you�ve
you haven�t
he�s
he hasn�t
got
got
she�s
she hasn�t
we�ve
we haven�t
they�ve
they haven�t
This meaning of got is different from the one Helen uses in Dialogue 2, when she says I got some apples. Compare these two sentences: I got some apples
=
�I bought some apples�
(action of getting)
I�ve got some apples =
�I have some apples� (possession)
We�ve already seen that get/got has a number of different meanings
� and this is true of have as well. Jenny says: I�ll have a glass of wine
Here she
What�ll you have?
Because this
�I�ll have got a glass of wine.�
�What�ll you have got?�
We�ll see other uses of have in later units.
56
These sentences all use have got to talk about possession � change them as indicated. The first two are done for you.
1
Dave�s got a new car.
[?] Has Dave got a new car?
2
You haven�t got a phone.
[?] Have you got a phone?
3
Has he got time?
[+] _____________________
4
I haven�t got enough time.
[+] _____________________
5
Have they got enough money? [�] _____________________
6
Su�s got a car.
[�] _____________________
7
We haven�t got the tickets.
[?] _____________________
8
Has Fiona got them?
[+] _____________________
Put a tick against the
1 I have eggs for breakfast every morning. __
2 Jenny�s got a big paper bag.
__
3 Have you got any money on you?
__
4 I�ll have a cup of coffee, please.
__
5 My brother hasn�t got a jacuzzi.
__
6 Jenny got a big paper bag.
__
7 The children are having fun.
__
8 What�ll you have?
__
9 Henry got a letter this morning.
__
10 Has your house got central heating?
__
Dialogue 4
DAVE:
Could you check this bill for me � I don�t think it�s right.
WAITER:
Certainly. First, did you have two coffees?
DAVE:
Yes. Then I had a Danish pastry and my friend here had a roll and butter.
WAITER:
[
OK. Then you had two mineral waters.
DAVE:
No. I didn�t have a mineral water. My friend had one, but I had another coffee.
WAITER:
Ah . . . sorry about that. You were right, and I was wrong.
57
Idiom
� We use sorry, of course, to apologise to someone. If we want to refer back to the situation or incident we�re apologising for, we say sorry about that.
Language point 26 � �two coffees�
We saw in Language point 23 that words such as coffee are UNCOUNTABLE (UC), and that this means that they:
� can�t have plurals
� can�t be used with numbers
But in Dialogue 4 the waiter says:
Did you have two coffees?
We also saw that UC nouns can�t be used with a/an, but Dave says: I didn�t have a mineral water
These examples seem to break the rules, but they don�t. Some uncountable nouns can
� coffee (UC) = the drink itself
� coffee (C) = �a
a coffee
two coffees
Another example of a UC/C noun is paper: it means the material itself when it�s UC, but it means newspaper when it�s C: I�m going to buy some paper
(UC)
(to write on)
I�m going to buy a paper
(C)
(to read)
58
Most dictionaries for learners of English will tell you when a noun can be both UC and C. Some books and dictionaries call UC nouns MASS NOUNS.
Language point 27 � �don�t think�
In Dialogue 4, Dave is unhappy with the bill. He thinks to himself: The bill isn�t right
but then he says to the waiter:
I don�t think it�s right
�I think it isn�t right�
In colloquial English we don�t usually say I think when what follows is NEGATIVE � instead we change it round and say I don�t think +
POSITIVE. Here are some more examples:
I don�t think Sarah�s coming
(Sarah isn�t coming)
I don�t think you�re right
(you aren�t right)
I don�t think we�ve got time
(we haven�t got time)
Change the following into �I don�t think . . .� sentences. The first one is done for you.
1 Kath isn�t here.
I don�t think Kath�s here
2 My watch isn�t working properly.
_____________________
3 The children aren�t hungry.
_____________________
4 That�s not important.
_____________________
5 The coffee isn�t very nice.
_____________________
6 We aren�t on the right bus.
_____________________
7 This bus doesn�t go to the airport.
_____________________
8 You don�t understand.
_____________________
9 Henry doesn�t read books.
_____________________
10 The students aren�t listening.
_____________________
59
Dialogue 5
C/ASSISTANT:
Have you got a MegaSave card?
SU:
No. How do I get one?
C/ASSISTANT:
Just fill in this form � it�s quite simple.
SU:
[
C/ASSISTANT:
Leave it out for now � we can fill that in for you later.
SU:
Oh look! Now I�ve made mistake with my phone number. Shall I tear it all up and start again?
C/ASSISTANT:
No, no! Just cross it out and write it in again over the top.
[
SU:
What do I do with it now?
C/ASSISTANT:
Give it back to me. Your card will arrive in the post in a day or two.
SU:
Thanks.
Language point 28 � �one�, �another�
and �other�
When a countable noun has already been mentioned, we can use one to refer to it again:
Fred had a coffee, and I had one too
I need a pencil � have you got one?
I�ll have a beer � what about you?
� I�ll have one as well
Another /ə`nðər/ is an ADJECTIVE used with SINGULAR C nouns � it is made up of an + other, but it is written as one word. It has two different meanings:
I�ll have another coffee, please (= one more) Give me another cup, please
(= a different one)
When we use another without the noun, we often add one: This cup is dirty � can I have another?
This cup is dirty � can I have another one?
60
But other adjectives
I prefer the red one
�I prefer the red�
(I need a blue shirt)
I need a blue one
�I need a blue�
Other is different from another:
� it can be used with both SINGULAR
� when it�s used with the, we write it as two words, not one: another, but the other
� we
Can I have another biscuit?
(one more)
Can I have the other biscuit?
(a different one)
There is a PLURAL PRONOUN the others:
Where are the others?
=
�Where are the other ones?�
but we
Where is the other one?
�Where is the other?�
Correct the following sentences. Be careful � two of them
1 This fork is dirty � can I have other one?
2 I don�t like these shoes � can I try the other?
3 Would you like other cup of tea?
4 Could you get me another one glass of milk?
5 This one�s OK but I prefer other one.
6 Another tea and two coffees, please.
7 James is here but where are the others?
8 I don�t like these � let me try another ones.
9 Another CD is better than this one.
10 Other one car is more expensive than this one.
61
Phrasal verbs
cross out � �delete�; �draw a line through�.
fill in � �complete (a form)�.
give back (something) � �return (something)�.
leave out � �omit�; �not include�.
tear up � �destroy by tearing�.
sell out (of something) � �sell all of something�.
tick off � �make a mark with a pen or pencil against an item on a list�.
write (something) in � �add something in writing�.
Life and living � numbers and money
Numbers
Just as in most places in the world today, you won�t get far in the UK without
But before that, you need the numbers!
1 one
6 six
11 eleven
16 sixteen
2 two
7 seven
12 twelve
17 seventeen
3 three
8 eight
13 thirteen
18 eighteen
4 four
9 nine
14 fourteen 19 nineteen
5 five
10 ten
15 fifteen
20 twenty
Notice their pronunciation:
/wn/
/sks/
/`l�vn/
/sks`tin/
/tu/
/`s�vn/
/tw�lv/
/s�vn`tin/
/�ri/
/�it/
/�`tin/
/�ìtin/
/fɔr/
/nɑin/
/fɔ`tin/
/nɑin`tin/
/fɑiv/
/t�n/
/ff`tin/
/`tw�nti/
21 � twenty-one, etc.
Now look at the
30 thirty /`�ti/
70 seventy /`s�vnti/
40 forty /`fɔti/
80 eighty /`�iti/
50 fifty /`ffti/
90 ninety /`nɑinti/
60 sixty /`sksti/
100 a hundred /ə `hndrəd/
200 � two hundred, etc.
62
We use and /n/ after hundred, but
/fɑivhndrədn`wn/
346 three hundred and forty-six
/�ri:hndrədnfɔtìsks/
Although Britain is a member of the EU (European Union), it is not part of the European single currency (though it may join eventually), and so does
The unit of currency in Britain is the pound (�) /pɑ�nd/ , which is divided into 100 pence /p�ns/ . Prices are said as follows:
�2.49
two pounds forty-nine
/tupɑ�ndzfɔtìnɑin/
53p
fifty-three pence
/ffti�rìpi/
British money comes in paper notes (�5, �10, �20 and �50) and metal coins (1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 50p, �1 and �2).
In colloquial English a �10 note is called a tenner, and this is also used for a price of exactly �10:
63
How much do you want for this?
� A tenner.
Similarly, a �5 note is called a fiver. But you
�10.58 ten fifty-eight
As well as cash, you can pay for things with cheques or credit cards or debit cards. Credit cards are a way of borrowing money from the credit card company; debit cards are issued by your bank and simply allow you to use money from your account without having to write a cheque � the transaction goes through electronically. The commonest type of debit card is a Switch card � for example, you would say to the shop assistant, �Can I pay by Switch?� or �Can I use Switch for this?�
member � someone or something that belongs to an organisation single currency � the monetary system of the European Union eventually � in the end; some time in the future euro � the EU unit of currency
cash � banknotes and coins,
account � where you keep your money at the bank transaction � the act of buying something and paying for it
5 What shall we
do today?
In this unit you will learn how to:
� make suggestions to do things
� accept and decline suggestions
� discuss plans
� ask about and talk about likes and dislikes
� offer people things
� choose between things
Dialogue 1
ANDREW:
What shall we do this evening?
KIM:
How about going out?
ANDREW:
Good idea. Where shall we go?
KIM:
We could go down the pub and have a drink, or we could go to the cinema.
ANDREW:
Which would you prefer?
KIM:
I don�t mind really.
ANDREW:
Well, let�s go to the pub, then, shall we?
KIM:
OK!
Dialogue 2
SARAH:
Shall we eat in or go out for a meal?
JOHN:
I don�t know � I can�t decide.
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SARAH:
Why don�t we go to the
JOHN:
No, I don�t really feel like Italian food tonight.
SARAH:
How about trying the new Chinese restaurant in the High Street, then?
JOHN:
OK, I�ll get my shoes on.
SARAH:
And you�d better get your wallet as well � you�re paying!
Dialogue 3
MIKE:
What shall we do with Koen and Kim this evening?
SANDRA:
How about eating out?
MIKE:
Yes. Or we could eat in, and then take them out for a drink.
SANDRA:
I don�t feel up to cooking tonight. Why don�t we go around some of the pubs in town, then we can end up at the Indian for a late dinner?
MIKE:
Great idea. They can try out Indian food, and we can get a taxi back home.
SANDRA:
I�ll go and ask them what they think.
Dialogue 4
ANDY:
Are you free tonight, Bob?
BOB:
Why � what did you have in mind?
ANDY:
There�s a Danish film on at the Arts Cinema.
BOB:
Really?
ANDY:
Yes � I thought Nina might like to come along.
BOB:
Sounds like a great idea, but I�ll check with her first.
Hang on a moment . . . [
ANDY:
Yes.
BOB:
That�s fine. When does the film start?
ANDY:
Eight. Shall we meet up at 7.30 in the cinema café?
BOB:
Perfect. See you later.
ANDY:
Bye.
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Idiom
� Hang on a moment means �Wait a moment�
Dialogue 5
BOB:
Look! The place is going to be packed out!
ANDY:
What shall we do? Wait and see if we get in, or give up and come another day?
BOB:
[
Let�s go to the pub.
ANDY:
Fine. I wouldn�t mind having a drink � I�m quite thirsty, actually. What do you think, Nina?
NINA:
OK by me. We can discuss Danish cinema over some
beers, can�t we?
Idioms
� packed out means �completely full of people�
� I can�t be bothered (doing) means �I�m not really interested in (doing)� or �I don�t want to make the effort to (do)�
Language point 29 � making suggestions
to do things
There are a number of ways of making a suggestion to someone to do something. Three of the most common are:
Shall we . . . ?
(followed by the BASE-FORM of the verb)
Why don�t we . . . ?
(followed by the BASE-FORM of the verb)
and
How about . . . ?
(followed by the ING-FORM of the verb)
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So:
Shall we go out tonight?
Why don�t we go out tonight?
How about going out tonight?
You can
OK (, then)
Why not?
Good idea
All right (, then)
If you
. . . I don�t want to
. . . I don�t really feel like (doing) that
No (thanks),
. . . I�d rather do something else
. . . let�s think of something else
. . . let�s do something else
You can make a more definite suggestion by using Let�s . . . (with BASE-FORM of the verb). Here are some examples: Let�s stay in tonight
Let�s go and see if Jeremy�s in
Let�s phone for a pizza
When you make a suggestion using Let�s . . . , you can always check if it�s okay with the person you�re speaking to by adding the tag . . . , shall we?
Let�s stay in tonight, shall we?
Let�s go and see if Jeremy�s in, shall we?
Let�s phone for a pizza, shall we?
Complete the suggestions, using the right form of the verb. The first one has been done for you.
1 How about (drive/driving) to the seaside?
2 Why don�t we (watch/watching) a film on DVD?
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3 Shall we (buy/buying) an ice cream?
4 How about (take/taking) a walk in the park?
5 Shall we (catch/catching) a bus into town?
6 How about (meet/meeting) James and Terry for a drink?
7 How about (play/playing) a game of snooker?
8 Why don�t we (phone/phoning) Jane to see if she�s free?
9 Shall we (stay/staying) in tonight?
10 How about (go/going) for a swim?
Fill in the blanks with the right words in these suggestions and responses. The first one has been done for you.
1 Shall we get a takeaway?
No, I don�t feel like that today.
2 How ___ going shopping?
___ idea!
3 ___ ___ having a walk into
___, ___ do something else.
town?
4 ___ don�t ___ go fishing?
___!
5 Shall ___ order some food?
All right ___ .
6 ___ we organise a party?
Why ___ ?
7 ___ ___ hiring some bikes?
No, I�d ___ do something else.
8 Why ___ ___ call on Jerry?
Good ___!
9 ___ about listening to some
No, I don�t ___ to.
music?
10 ___ ___ go to the pub?
___ then, let�s do that.
Make the following suggestions to someone using the words given.
The first one has been done for you.
1 go to the cinema
How about going to the cinema?
(how)
2 go swimming
___________________________ ?
(shall)
3 organise a party
___________________________ ?
(let�s)
4 practise our English
___________________________ ?
(why)
5 wash the car
___________________________ ?
(shall)
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6 call in on Sam and Fred
________________________ ?
(why)
7 write some postcards home
________________________ ?
(how)
8 cook an Indian meal
________________________ ?
(shall)
9 invite James and Fiona to tea ________________________ ?
(let�s)
10 help with the washing-up
________________________ ?
(why)
Dialogue 6
DAVE:
Do you like Indian food?
NEIL:
Yes, I do! It�s my favourite.
DAVE:
Why don�t we go out for a curry, then?
NEIL:
No � we can�t do that tonight.
DAVE:
Why not?
NEIL:
Paul�s coming out with us tonight, and he doesn�t like curry.
DAVE:
Doesn�t he? What kind of food does he like, then?
NEIL:
I think he likes Chinese food. Shall we go to the
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DAVE:
No, I�d rather not � I don�t like Chinese food very much.
NEIL:
All right, then � let�s all stay in and phone for a pizza, shall we?
DAVE:
Does Paul like pizza?
NEIL:
It�s his favourite food!
DAVE:
OK, that�s what we�ll do!
Language point 30 � liking things, and
offering things
Look at these two questions and answers:
Do you like coffee?
� Yes, I do!
Would you like some coffee?
� Yes, I would!
The verb like is in both, but with different meanings. Do you like
. . . ? asks someone if they
asks someone if they
If you want to
If you just want to know if someone likes something, you use: Do you like . . . ?
How would you say these things to someone? The first one is done for you.
1 Offer someone a cup of tea:
Would you like a cup of tea?
2 Ask if someone likes Indian
food:
________________________ ?
3 Ask if someone likes apples:
________________________ ?
4 Offer someone a cheese
sandwich:
________________________ ?
5 Offer someone some soup:
________________________ ?
6 Ask someone if they like
milk in their coffee:
________________________ ?
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7 Offer someone another
cup of tea:
________________________ ?
8 Offer someone some more
soup:
________________________ ?
9 Ask if someone likes tea:
________________________ ?
10 Offer Dave some pizza:
________________________ ?
Language point 31 � offering to let
someone do something, or suggesting it
As well as offering
Would you like to go to the pub this evening?
When we offer to let someone do something, Would you like is followed by the TO-FORM of the verb. So we say:
Would you like
+ NOUN
Would you like + to + VERB
Here are some more examples:
(sit here)
Would you like to sit here?
(play a game of chess)
Would you like to play a game of
chess?
(order the food)
Would you like to order the food?
(practise your English)
Would you like to practise your
English?
(do some aerobics)
Would you like to do some aerobics?
(have lunch with us)
Would you like to have lunch
with us?
Unscramble each sentence to make a question. The first one is done for you.
1
come like would round you to tonight ?
Would you like to come round tonight?
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2
coffee more like you some would ?
__________________________________
3
like museum visit would to you the today ?
__________________________________________
4
afternoon this swimming go to like you would ?
____________________________________________
5
another would like cake you ?
____________________________
6
the like you menu to would see ?
________________________________
Language point 32 � asking if someone
likes something, and saying you don�t
In Dialogue 6, Dave says:
Do you like . . .?
and when he�s talking about Paul he says:
. . . does he like?
like is a word describing a
�Are you liking tomatoes?�
Does Sally like black coffee?
�Is Sally liking black coffee?�
Do they like Indian food?
�Are they liking Indian food?�
Do your friends like fish and chips?
�Are your friends liking . . .?�
In Dialogue 6, Neil says:
. . . he doesn�t like curry
and Dave says:
I don�t like Chinese food
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We make like negative by using don�t and doesn�t: I don�t like salad
�I�m not liking salad�
Geoff doesn�t like Italian food
�Geoff isn�t liking Italian food�
she doesn�t like hamburgers
�she isn�t liking hamburgers�
we don�t like coffee
�we aren�t liking coffee�
they don�t like cornflakes
�they aren�t liking cornflakes�
Change the sentences as indicated: (+) statement, (?) question, (�) negative. The first one has been done for you.
1
They like Indian food
(?)
Do they like Indian food?
2
James likes ice cream.
(?)
_____________________
3
My parents like fish
(�)
_____________________
4
Does Sarah like apples?
(+)
_____________________
5
Fiona doesn�t like vegetables (?)
_____________________
6
They don�t like fish and chips (+)
_____________________
7
Do Fred and Kim like sport? (�)
_____________________
8
Pete doesn�t like carrots
(?)
_____________________
Some of these sentences have mistakes in them � can you see which ones? And can you correct them?
1 Does Susan like coffee?
____________________
2 Would you liking some more coffee? ____________________
3 I don�t like fish and chips.
____________________
4 Are you like English food?
____________________
5 James isn�t liking hot weather.
____________________
6 Does you like ice cream?
____________________
7 Would you like some ice cream?
____________________
8 Do your sister like oranges?
____________________
9 Would you liking an orange?
____________________
10 Is Jerry liking milk with his tea?
____________________
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Language point 33 � liking doing things
As well as talking about liking things, you can also talk about liking
Sue likes sitting under the trees on a hot day
When we talk about liking
(swim)
The children like swimming in the pool
(read)
Does your sister like reading magazines?
(play)
Terry likes playing tennis on his days off
(watch)
I don�t like watching football on TV
(sit)
I like sitting in the garden
(work)
Do you like working for the company?
And when someone asks you if you like something, there are many answers you can give. Let�s look as some of the possibilities, starting with positive answers and going through to negative answers: Do you like fast food?
Yes, I love it!
Yes, I quite like it
It�s OK, I suppose
I�m not bothered
Not really
No, I don�t like it at all
I can�t stand it!
No, I hate it!
Fill in the blanks with the verbs in the box � use the different forms of the verbs to help you decide which ones belong where. The first one is done for you.
1 Would you like to help me with the washing-up?
2 Do you like ____ football?
3 ____ Jerry like ____ on the beach?
4 ____ you like to ____in this evening?
5 I like ____ my exercises in the morning.
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6 Fiona ____ ____ with the washing-up.
7 Would you ____ to ____ cricket with us today?
8 I ____ like ____in the evening.
9 Would you like to ____ some aerobics at the health club this evening?
10 ____ you like ____ to the radio?
helping
sunbathing
doing
play
help
playing
listening
do
don�t
does
would
do
likes
like
working
stay
Look at the answers to the question �Do you like fast food?� at the end of Language point 33 � can you draw two lines to divide the answers into positive, neutral and negative?
Language point 34 � choosing between
two things, and pointing them out
You can use the verb prefer to say which of two things or actions you think is better:
Which would you prefer � tea or coffee?
I�d prefer coffee, thank you.
We use prefer when we think something is better than something else:
I prefer coffee
=
�I think coffee is better�
I prefer coffee to tea
=
�I think coffee is better than tea�
We use (woul)d prefer when we want something more than something else:
I�d prefer coffee
=
�It would be better if you gave
me coffee.�
Would you prefer tea? =
�Would it be better if I gave you
tea?�
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Now look at these examples:
Do you like this hat or that one?
I like them both, but I prefer that one.
Notice that we put this in front of a noun when we want to talk about something that is near to the speaker, and that for something that is further away. So, if Anne is holding a red hat and Susan is holding a blue hat, Anne says this hat for the red one and that hat for the blue one. For Susan it�s the other way round!
Be careful! When the noun is
and that changes to those:
this hat
these hats
that hat
those hats
Now look at these examples:
Which tie do you prefer?
� I like this one
Which trousers do you prefer?
� I like these
Which hat do you prefer?
� I like that one
Which shoes do you prefer?
� I like those
If the noun has already been mentioned, you don�t need to repeat it � you can use this/that and these/those without the noun,
Can you match each sentence on the left to one on the right that means the same thing? The first one has been done for you.
1
I prefer coffee
a
Please give me some coffee
2
I wouldn�t like coffee
b
I think coffee is nice
3
I�d like coffee
c
Please give me some coffee
instead
4
I don�t like coffee
d
I think coffee is better
5
I�d prefer coffee
e
Don�t give me any coffee
6
I like coffee
f
I don�t think coffee is nice
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Choose the right word in brackets to complete each sentence. The first one has been done for you.
1 How much are (that/those) apples?
2 Do you like (these/this) watch?
3 (Those/That) people are from Bangladesh.
4 I think (this/these) are too expensive.
5 Would you like some more of (this/these) cake?
6 I like (this/these) jumper, but I prefer (that/those) one.
7 Shall we sit at (this/those) table?
8 (This/those) children are very noisy, aren�t they?
9 How much are (this/these)?
10 Would you prefer (this/those) restaurant or (those/that) one?
Dialogue 7
SUSAN:
You like seafood, don�t you?
BRIAN:
Yes, I love it!
SUSAN:
Well, why don�t we go down to the beach and have lunch there?
BRIAN:
OK, let�s do that. Shall we ask Fiona if she�d like to come too?
SUSAN:
No � Fiona doesn�t like the beach, does she?
BRIAN:
Ah � no, you�re right. She doesn�t. Perhaps James would like to come with us?
SUSAN:
Maybe. How about phoning him to ask?
BRIAN:
Wait a minute. Let�s decide which restaurant to go to first, shall we?
SUSAN:
I like the Jolly Roger � the food�s excellent.
BRIAN:
Hmm, yes . . . but I don�t like their prices! How about trying that new restaurant, further up the road.
SUSAN:
You mean the Ocean View? They specialise in shell-
fish, don�t they?
BRIAN:
Yes. I�d really like to give it a try, wouldn�t you?
SUSAN:
OK, let�s go there. Shall we phone first to book a table?
78
BRIAN:
That would be a good idea, wouldn�t it? It�s very popular at lunchtimes.
SUSAN:
Right � why don�t you phone James, and then I�ll phone the Ocean View.
Idiom
� give it a try means �try it out� or �see what it�s like�
Read Dialogue 4 again, and then decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).
1
Fiona wouldn�t like to come to the beach
T / F
2
The Ocean View doesn�t do shellfish
T / F
3
Brian doesn�t like seafood very much
T / F
4
Brian doesn�t like the food at the Jolly Roger
T / F
5
Susan is going to phone James
T / F
6
Lots of people have lunch at the Ocean View
T / F
Phrasal verbs
come along � �accompany�; �come with (other people)�. Do you want tocome along? means �We�re going somewhere � do you want to come with us?�.
eat in � �have food at home�.
eat out � �have food in a restaurant, or anywhere away from home�.
end up � when we end up at a place, it means that we have visited several places, and this is the last one. We ended up in the curry house could mean, for example, that we went to the cinema, then to the pub, and
meet up � �meet by arrangement�. We met Keith, Greg and Carl usually means that we met them
try out � when we try something out, we test it to see if it�s okay, or if we like it.
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Life and living
Once you�ve decided on what to eat, you�ll have to decide where!
If you don�t feel like cooking, this will mean either eating out (which we�ll talk about in the next unit) or a takeaway � and in Britain there are usually plenty of choices either way.
The cheaper option is a takeaway � going to a shop or restaurant and bringing the food back home to eat. In the big cities there are almost endless possibilities, but even in small towns you probably find examples of these:
a fish-and-chip shop
an Indian restaurant
a Chinese restaurant
a pizza house
a kebab house
If you want something typically British, why not go for fish andchips? You don�t need to order ahead � simply go to the shop, ask for what you want and they�ll cook it for you there and then. There are usually various kinds of fried fish available � cod is very popular, and so is plaice. Fish-and-chip shops usually sell other types of food as well: pies, sausages � in fact, anything that goes well with chips!
80
Indian food � curry � is now the most popular food in the UK, and you�ll find Indian restaurants everywhere. You can order ahead by phone and then collect it, but if you are new to Indian cuisine it�s probably better, and more fun, to decide on what to have once you have arrived at the restaurant. This way, you can ask the restaurant staff about different dishes as you look at the menu � it might be rather confusing as there are always a lot of different dishes available, and they all have exotic names! Also, some Indian dishes are very hot (spicy), so be sure to ask about this as well!
You�ll have to wait a while for the food, but this is all part of the experience.
Chinese takeaways are usually very quickly prepared � there is no real need to order in advance, as the food takes only a minute or two to arrive. Pizzas and kebabs take a little longer � order by phone about fifteen minutes ahead if you don�t want to wait at the shop.
eating out � going to a restaurant and eating there takeaway � a meal bought at a restaurant and taken home to eat; also means the shop
option � choice
chips � potatoes cut up and cooked in oil
order ahead � use the phone to tell the restaurant your order before you go and collect it
there and then � at once; immediately
fried � cooked in oil
cuisine � style of cooking
restaurant staff � the people who work in the restaurant dishes � items on a menu
exotic � unusual and from far away
experience � how it feels to do something
order in advance � order before you get to the restaurant
6 Hello, could I
speak to Vicki?
In this unit you will learn how to:
� talk on the phone
� ask for permission to do things
� use pronoun indirect objects
� make gentle suggestions
� use time expressions
Dialogue 1
DAVE:
Hello, could I speak to Vicki?
VICKI:
Speaking.
DAVE:
Oh, hello Vicki � I didn�t recognise your voice. It�s Dave.
VICKI:
Hi, Dave. How�s things?
DAVE:
Not bad, thanks. Listen, I don�t suppose Nigel�s there, is he?
VICKI:
No � but I�m expecting him round later on.
DAVE:
OK � could you get him to ring me back?
VICKI:
Of course. Can you give me your number?
DAVE:
I think he�s got it, but let me give you it now just in case.
VICKI:
Hang on � let me get a pen . . . OK.
DAVE:
Six-seven-nine-oh-four-oh-four. Got that?
VICKI:
Got it!
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Idioms
� I don�t suppose is used with a TAG to make a question sound less direct, especially questions where you expect the answer to be �no�: I don�t suppose you�ve got any money, have you?
= �Have you got any money?�
I don�t suppose Brian can drive a lorry, can he?
= �Can Brian drive a lorry?�
I don�t suppose anyone here speaks Turkish, do they?
= �Does anyone here speak Turkish?�
�
Got that? means �Did you hear that OK?�
Dialogue 2
JULIE:
247649.
TERRY:
Ah, hello. Could I speak to Jim, please?
JULIE:
Jim?
TERRY:
Yes, Jim Fife. Is he there?
JULIE:
I�m afraid there
isn�t anyone here
by that name.
Who am I
speaking to?
TERRY:
This is Terry
Smith. Isn�t that
Marilyn�s house?
JULIE:
No � you�ve got
the wrong
number.
TERRY:
Ah � I�m sorry.
JULIE:
Quite all right.
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Idiom
� by that name means �with that name�
Language point 35 � phone language
Speaking on the phone in English is easy once you have learnt a few important phrases:
� Use hello / hə`l�/ to greet the other person � this is okay on the phone even in more formal situations.
� Use Is that . . .? to make sure you�re talking to the right person.
You can use a name or a job title:
Is that John Smith?
� Yes, it is.
Is that the manager?
� No, it isn�t . . . it�s the caretaker.
Be careful! We
the other end of the phone:
Is that Dave Rogers?
Yes, it is.
�Yes, I am.�
Is that James?
No, it isn�t . . . it�s Gerry
�No, I�m not . . . I�m Gerry.�
If you don�t recognise the voice, either say
Who is that?
Who am I speaking to?
Remember that in British English on the phone �that� refers to the person on the other end of the phone, and this refers to yourself.
So, for example, if Sue phones Maria, she will say: This is Sue . . . is that Maria?
or if she doesn�t recognise the voice at all:
This is Sue . . . who is that?
84
(In American English people use this for both people, and say Whois this? )
If the phone is answered by someone
Could I speak to . . . ?
Is . . . there, please?
To tell the other person who
It�s . . . speaking
If the person you want to speak to isn�t there, you can say either: OK, I�ll phone again later
Could you get him/her to phone me back?
You can use ring instead of phone in these two sentences as well.
If someone phones you and asks to talk to someone else, they might say:
Is . . . there?
Could I speak to . . . ?
and
Can I ask who�s calling?
They will say:
Yes, it�s . . .
Match the halves of the sentences to make phrases for phone conversations.
1
Who am I
a
ask who�s calling?
2
Who is
b there?
3
Can I
c
speaking to?
4
Is Miranda
d her to phone back?
85
5
It�s Adrian
e
John Smith?
6
Could you get
f
that?
7
Is that
g
back later.
8
I�ll ring
h speaking.
Language point 36 � direct and indirect
objects
In Dialogue 1 Vicki says to Dave:
Can you give me his number?
We have already seen (Unit 1) that the personal pronouns have SUBJECT forms (I, he, she, etc.) and OBJECT forms (me, him, her, etc.).
In English the object pronouns can also include the meaning to: me
=
�to me�
you
=
�to you�
her
=
�to her�
him
=
�to him�
In this meaning we call them INDIRECT OBJECT pronouns. You will see them with verbs such as give � here are some examples: Give me the tickets, please
Can you give her the books?
In the first example, the tickets is the DIRECT OBJECT (the things being given), and me is the INDIRECT object (the person the tickets are given to).
Notice that we place the indirect object pronouns
Give me the tickets, please
�Give the tickets me, please�
And we can put nouns and names in this special position: Give Dave the tickets
(= to Dave)
Give the ticket collector the tickets (= to the ticket collector)
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But in all these cases, if we use the word to we have to
verb
+
indirect object +
direct object
+
direct object
+
to
+
indirect object
Let�s summarise the possibilities:
Give me the tickets
�Give the tickets me�
Give the tickets to me
�Give to me the tickets�
Give Dave the tickets
�Give the tickets Dave�
Give the tickets to Dave
�Give to Dave the tickets�
Complete the answers to the questions, using pronouns. The first is done for you.
1
What is Suzie showing Fiona?
She�s showing her her new watch.
2
What is James going to give Su?
________________ a birthday present.
3
Where is Dave buying the food?
________________ in the local shop.
4
When do your parents use the car?
________________ every day.
5
Where does Alan keep his books?
________________ on the shelf.
6
When is your brother buying his new jeans?
________________ today.
7
When is Jenny picking up the kids?
________________ this afternoon.
8
What is Jenny giving James?
________________ a cup of tea.
Dialogue 3
CYNTHIA:
Hello, it�s Cynthia Palmer here. Can I speak to Bob Watford please?
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SECRETARY:
Hold on, I�ll see if he�s available . . .
. . . Hello? I�m afraid Mr Watford�s in a meeting at the moment. Would you like to leave a message?
CYNTHIA:
Yes � could you ask him to get back to me as soon as possible?
SECRETARY:
Yes � has he got your number?
CYNTHIA:
Yes, he has.
SECRETARY:
Fine � I�ll make sure he calls you as soon as he gets out of the meeting.
CYNTHIA:
Thanks.
Idioms
� at the moment means �now�
� get back to me means �phone me back�
Language point 37 � �as soon as�
In Dialogue 3 the secretary says she�ll make sure Bob Watford calls: as soon as he gets out of the meeting
In English we use the PRESENT SIMPLE to mean the FUTURE after: when
before
as soon as
until/till
Here are some more examples:
Don�t forget to lock the door when you leave
Let�s do the washing-up before Dave comes back
Phone us as soon as you hear any news
Let�s stay here until the rains stops
Remember to use the present simple,
88
. . . until the rain stops
�until the rain is stopping�
. . . when you leave
�when you�re leaving�
Learn the phrase as soon as possible. You will often hear people use the abbreviation as well:
a.s.a.p. (
both in writing and when speaking:
Can you get back to me a.s.a.p.?
Unscramble the sentences.
1
stops wait the let�s until rain
2
soon as us get phone as you back
3
us to arrive when forget you don�t ring
4
them see children the before presents the hide let�s 5
you you could leave the shut when door ?
6
souvenirs before some home let�s go buy we
Make the correct choice from the expressions in brackets to complete the sentences. The first one is done for you.
1
Let�s wait (till/as soon as) the weather gets better.
2
Let�s go in the garden (before/when) the weather gets better.
3
Could you shut the door (until/when) you leave?
4
Phone us (as soon as/until) you arrive.
5
Give me back the book (before/when) you finish it.
6
Let�s wait here (till/before) Suzie arrives.
7
Pay me back the money (until/when) you can.
8
I can�t use the computer (until/when) the power comes back on.
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Dialogue 4
PETE:
Sally!
SALLY:
Yes, what is it?
PETE:
I can�t find my mobile.
SALLY:
Honestly, can�t you take better care of your things?
PETE:
Don�t go on at me � can you help me look for it?
SALLY:
[
PETE:
I had it in my pocket last night, but I
SALLY:
[
PETE:
I think so.
SALLY:
Well, why don�t you use
Then we can listen for the ring.
PETE:
Brilliant! Give us1 your mobile, then.
[
SALLY:
Er . . . Pete.
PETE:
What?
SALLY:
I can�t find
1 us is sometimes used in colloquial English to mean meIdiom
� What is it? means �What�s the problem?� or �What do you want to talk to me about?�
� Don�t go on at me means �Stop criticising me�, �Stop being annoyed with me� or �Stop telling me what to do�
Language point 38 � �Why don�t you . . . ?�
In Dialogue 4 Sally makes a suggestion to Pete:
Why don�t you use my mobile phone?
We can use Why don�t you + BASE-FORM as a gentle or polite way of suggesting to someone that they do something. Here are some more examples:
90
Why don�t you wait here for them?
Why don�t you ask the receptionist?
Why don�t you buy your wife a present?
You can also use Why don�t . . . with we and I in a similar way: Why don�t we go out tonight? =
�Let�s go out tonight�
Why don�t I order us a pizza? =
�Shall I order us a pizza?�
Although they look like questions and have a question mark (?) at the end, these phrases don�t need a specific answer � if you want to agree to the suggestion, you can just say:
OK
Fine
All right, then
Good idea
or even:
Brilliant
(like Pete in the Dialogue) if you think it�s a
If you
No, I don�t think so
Use Why don�t . . . ? with the correct pronoun you, we or I to write out what James says to Fiona in the following situations. The first one is done for you.
1
James offers to pay the bill.
Why don�t I pay the bill?
2
James suggests that Fiona
should pay the bill.
_____________________ ?
3
James suggests that he and
Fiona go to the cinema.
_____________________ ?
4
James offers to help Fiona
with the cooking.
_____________________ ?
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5
James suggests that he and
Fiona watch TV.
_____________________ ?
6
James offers to do the
washing-up.
_____________________ ?
7
James suggests that Fiona
should switch channels.
_____________________ ?
8
James suggests that he and
Fiona ask some friends
round for coffee.
_____________________ ?
Language point 39 � time expressions
We use this, last and next with nouns of time to talk about when things happen:
last week
last month
last year
this week
this month
this year
next week
next month
next year
These phrases
�I�m going away on next week�
�I�m going away in next week�
Here are the days of the week:
Monday
/`mnd/
Tuesday
/`tjuzd/
Wednesday
/`w�nzd/
Thursday
/`�zd/
Friday
/`frɑid/
Saturday
/`stəd/
Sunday
/`snd/
Notice that we have special pronunciations of these words in colloquial English.
� We always write them with a capital letter (
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Be careful! With day and night, and with morning,
afternoon and evening, we have special words and phrases that must be learnt:
(last)
yesterday /`j�stəd�i/
last night
(this)
today /tə`d�i/
tonight /tə`nɑit/
(next)
tomorrow /tə`mɔrə�/
tomorrow night
(last)
yesterday
yesterday
yesterday
morning
afternoon
evening
(this)
this morning
this afternoon
this evening
(next)
tomorrow
tomorrow
tomorrow
morning
afternoon
evening
It is
�next night�.
� We can use them with other words:
on Tuesday
last Tuesday
this Tuesday
next Tuesday
every Tuesday
� And remember that we
on Thursday
last Thursday
�on last Thursday�
� Notice the difference between on Friday (single point in time) and on Fridays (= every Friday, regularly). In Dialogue 5 you will see that the newsagent asks Damian Are you prepared to workon Sundays? � meaning �every Sunday�. If he had said Are youprepared to work on Sunday? this would have meant only the following Sunday.
� Finally, notice the difference between:
every week
=
each week, week after week
and all week
=
from the start of the week to the end
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� This usage is found with day, night, month and year as well. Here are some examples:
I�m working in the garden all day today
(Tuesday 0830�1800)
I�m working in the garden every day this week
(Monday to Sunday)
James is in London all week
(he went last Sunday, and he staying there till next Sunday) James goes to London every week
(he makes a trip there and back at least once a week)
Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the sentences. The first one has been done for you.
1
Shamira�s working in Brighton (all/every) day this week.
2
Kath�s going to London (last/next) week.
3
We haven�t got any bread till (this/next) week, I�m afraid.
4
Fiona�s in Miami (last/this) week.
5
Candace is working at the office (all/every) day today.
6
Is Jenny coming in by car (yesterday/today)?
7
Stuart needs a lift to the office (yesterday/tomorrow) morning.
8
Ann�s working in Eastbourne (on/last) Thursday.
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Dialogue 5
DAMIAN:
I�m interested in the delivery job.
NEWSAGENT:
OK. May I1 ask you a few questions to see if you�re suitable for the job?
DAMIAN:
Of course � fire away!
NEWSAGENT:
Right � first and foremost: are you good at getting up early?
DAMIAN:
Oh yes.
NEWSAGENT:
Good. And are you afraid of the dark?
DAMIAN:
Not at all.
NEWSAGENT:
Excellent. Are you used to riding a bike?
DAMIAN:
I ride my bike all the time.
NEWSAGENT:
Good. And are you prepared to work on Sundays as
well?2
DAMIAN:
Of course. I need the money.
NEWSAGENT:
Fine. And one final question: are you good with animals?
DAMIAN:
Good with animals? Why are you worried about that?
NEWSAGENT:
Because some of our customers have vicious dogs.
DAMIAN:
Look, I�m going to think it over for a bit. Can I get back to you later?
NEWSAGENT:
OK. Don�t put it off too long, though, or someone will get in before you.
1 May I . . .? (+ BASE-FORM) is a more formal way of asking permission to do something.
2 as well = �also�
Idioms
� Fire away! means �Go ahead and ask the questions�
� First and foremost means �first of all�
95
Language point 40 � adjectives with
prepositions
Some adjectives are used with PREPOSITIONs � you have to learn these uses individually. For example, in Dialogue 5 we see: interested in the job
and suitable for the job
Sometimes the same adjective is used with different prepositions depending on what type of word follows:
good with animals
(noun)
good at getting up early
(ING-FORM of the verb)
ready for dinner
(noun)
ready to go out
(BASE-FORM of the verb)
Sometimes two adjectives use the same preposition, but different forms of the verb:
prepared to work
used to working
Good learners� dictionaries will always tell you this information for any adjective. Try making separate lists of your own to help you learn them. For example, you could make your own list of adjectives that are followed by to, and add to it as you come across new examples. Grammar books of English also often provide lists of adjectives in this way.
A lot of adjectives describing
surprised at
proud of
keen on
bored with
scared of
disappointed with/about
ashamed of
worried about
Usually these adjectives + prepositions are followed by a NOUN: I�m disappointed about the result
Gerry�s proud of his work
My sister is worried about money
96
but they can often also be followed by the ING-FORM of the verb: I�m disappointed about coming last
Gerry�s proud of learning Spanish
My sister�s worried about missing the plane
Complete these sentences using in, about, with, to, for, on, of or at.
Use a dictionary if you need to.
1 Are you ready ___ another question?
2 You look bored ___ all that paperwork.
3 Are you interested ___ coming along with us?
4 This bag is full ___ doughnuts.
5 I�m angry ___ Stuart � he�s throwing chocolates at me.
6 Is Satoko good ___ speaking English?
7 Are the children ready ___ leave yet?
8 You have to be good ___ animals to work in a zoo.
9 We�re rather worried ___ Henry.
10 Gerry�s very keen ___ biscuits, isn�t he?
Match the first half of the sentences on the left with the second halves on the right. The first one has been done for you.
1
The team was amazed
a
with people
2
Rosemary is terribly scared
b
for the main course yet
3
I�m so fed up
c
with the exam result
4
We were shocked
d
by the score last week
5
The room was crowded
e
with this job
6
We�re not ready
f
at the terrible news
7
I�m disappointed
g
in applying for that job
8
I hear Nigel�s interested
h
of big spiders
Phrasal verbs
fit in (with) � Does this fit in with you? means �Does this coincide with what you�ve already arranged?�.
get back (to) � I�ll get back to you means �I�ll contact you again soon�.
97
get through (to) � �succeed in contacting�; I got through to him in the end means that I finally managed to speak to him on the phone.
go on (at) � when someone goes on at you, it means that they keep complaining to you or telling you something until you agree. Stopgoing on at me! means something like �Stop talking � I don�t want to listen!�.
put off � �postpone�; �change an arrangement �so that it happens later.
Don�t put it off means �Do it now � don�t delay.�
ring back � �return a phone call�.
switch off is what we do to lights and machines when we want them to
switch on is what we do to lights and machines when we want them to
think over � when we think something over (
7 What date is
it today?
In this unit you will learn how to:
� talk about the future
� tell someone what you plan or intend to do
� talk about necessity and having to do things
� use state verbs
Dialogue 1
JAMES:
What are you doing over the Bank Holiday, 1 Henry?
HENRY:
I�m going to do up the house � we�re selling it next year. What about you and Fiona?
JAMES:
We�re going to hire a car and go down to Cornwall.
HENRY:
That�ll be fun. What are you going to do there?
JAMES:
I�m going to try and do some surfing � if the weather�s OK. And Fiona�s going to visit her sister.
HENRY:
Will you be back by Tuesday?
JAMES:
Fiona will, but I�m taking an extra day off work, so I�m not driving back till Tuesday.
HENRY:
How�s Fiona getting home, then?
JAMES:
Good question � I�ll ask her.
1 Bank Holiday � a public holiday in the UK when banks, schools and public offices are closed. See Life and living � holidays at the end of Unit 11 for more information about this and other holidays.
99
Language point 41 � present for future
James asks Henry:
What are you doing over the Bank Holiday?
He uses the PRESENT CONTINUOUS (Language point 21) to talk about something that will happen
We�re selling it next year
and later in the Dialogue, James says:
I�m not driving back till Tuesday
In Unit 3 we saw that the present continuous is used for actions and events
I�m reading a book
Jane�s sitting in the garden
The children are playing football
100
but the same tense is used in colloquial English to talk about
I�m going to Spain (on Friday)
Jane�s selling her car (next week)
The children are going to the cinema (this afternoon) So � PRESENT
Then Henry uses
He uses be going to + BASE-FORM to talk about
We�re going to meet Dave and Jane in the pub laterAre you going to help me?
Pronunciation
going to is often pronounced /`ənə/ in normal colloquial speech: I�m going to learn Greek /ɑim `ənə ln rik/. And sometimes you even see going to spelt gonna.
We�ll meet another future in Language point 43. For now, remember:
� future plans or arrangements � PRESENT CONTINUOUS
� future intention � be going to + BASE-FORM
Complete these sentences using going to � the first one has been done for you.
1 Terry�s playing football today, and he�s going to play football again tomorrow.
2 It�s raining today, and _______________ again tomorrow.
3 I�m doing the shopping this week, and ________________
again next week.
101
4 My sister�s eating a biscuit, and ________________ another biscuit in a minute.
5 Diane�s going to the opera this month, and _____________ to the opera again next month.
6 Miranda�s riding her horse today, and ____________ her horse again tomorrow.
7 Otto�s phoning Austria this evening, and _____________ again tomorrow evening.
8 Terry and June are washing the car today, and _________ it again on Sunday.
9 I�m planting potatoes today, and _________ carrots tomorrow.
10 Andy�s swimming in the river today, and ___________ there tomorrow as well.
Complete these questions and answers. The first one has been done for you.
1
Is Justine going to visit Leasa?
No, she isn�t.
2
___ you ________ go for a swim?
Yes, I ____ .
3
___ Gerry ________ book the tickets?
Yes, he ____ .
4
___ they ________ to help us?
No, ________ .
5
___ your brother _______ get the food?
No, ________ .
6
___ Morgan and Eddie _______ come?
Yes, _______ .
7
___ Henry _______ do up the house?
Yes, _______ .
8
___ we ________ miss the bus?
No, we ______ .
Dialogue 2
MIKE:
What date is it today?
BOB:
It�s the fourteenth, I think.
MIKE:
The fourteenth? Isn�t it the twelfth?
BOB:
[
MIKE:
Oh no! It�s my mum�s birthday! What time is it?
BOB:
It�s too late to go and buy her a card or a present, if that�s what you�re thinking. It�s five o�clock!
MIKE:
But what am I going to do? She�ll think I don�t care!
. . . [
Can I use your mobile?
102
BOB:
[
Idiom
We use Go for it! to encourage someone to do something they�re
Shall I apply for this job?
� Go for it!
I wonder if I should ask her out
� Go for it!
I feel like giving up my job.
� Go for it!
Language point 42 � empty �it�
When we are talking about the time and date we use it as an
What date is it today?
�What date is today?�
and Bob replies:
It�s the fourteenth
�Is the fourteenth�
Then Mike asks:
What time is it?
and Bob replies:
It�s five o�clock
We also use an empty it when we talk about the weather: It�s raining
Is it sunny today?
It isn�t cold this morning
and we use it with ADJECTIVES + TO-FORM of the verb:
103
It�s important to keep your mum happy
It�s too late to go now
Is it easy to speak English?
It�s illegal to park on double yellow lines
Look at the difference in meaning between a �real� it and an empty it:
(a) I can�t drink this coffee � it�s too hot
(b) I can�t work outside today � it�s too hot
The it in sentence (a) is a �real� it � it refers to a real object (the coffee). The it in sentence (b) is an empty it � we cannot find any word in the sentence that it specifically refers to.
Turn these sentences into �empty it� sentences � the first one has been done for you.
1 Parking on double yellow lines is illegal.
It�s illegal to park on double yellow lines.
2 Learning Chinese is difficult.
_______________________ .
3 Being friendly to your neighbours is important.
_____________________________________ .
4 Asking for things in English is easy.
______________________________ .
5 Setting fire to your nose is stupid.
___________________________ .
6 Learning Vietnamese is very hard for English people.
_________________________________________ .
7 Eating biscuits in front of the TV is nice.
________________________________ .
8 Jumping off high buildings is very dangerous.
____________________________________ .
9 Watching French films is fun.
_______________________ .
10 Reading long books is exhausting.
___________________________ .
104
Morning
Afternoon
Dialogue 3
HANNAH:
Will it rain later, do you think?
SIMON:
[
HANNAH:
What about this afternoon?
SIMON:
[
HANNAH:
So it won�t rain today, then?
SIMON:
I don�t think so � but it�ll be chilly for a picnic.
HANNAH:
Let�s put it off till tomorrow, shall we?
SIMON:
OK. Will you phone Abigail and Gary to let them know?
HANNAH:
I�ll do that right now.
105
Language point 43 � �will� future
There are a number of ways of talking about the FUTURE in English.
In Language point 37 we used the PRESENT SIMPLE after words like when, and in Language point 41 we saw two more ways: the PRESENT
CONTINUOUS and be going to.
We can also talk about the future using the AUXILIARY will + BASE-FORM of the verb. This auxiliary (as with most auxiliaries in English)
I will
you will
he will
In colloquial English will is usually shortened to �ll, and there are the following pronunciations, which you should learn: I�ll
/ɑil/
we�ll
/wil/
you�ll
/jul/
they�ll
/ð�il/
he�ll
/hil/
Peter�ll
/`pitərəl/
she�ll
/ʃil/
Jane�ll
/`�inəl/
But in questions we
and we
Yes, it will
As with all auxiliaries, we form the negative by adding not � but in colloquial English we have a special short form for will not: won�t
/wə�nt/.
We use the will-future in two main situations:
(1) to talk about things we
China will win the international swimming competitionThe children will enjoy the trip to the cinema
106
(2) to express
We�ll book the tickets today
I�ll go upstairs and tell James
We also use will in the phrase Will you . . .? + BASE-FORM: Will you phone Dave and Pete?
When Alex says this, she is
Will you open the door for me?
Will you help me with my homework?
Will you check the oil in the car, please?
And we use won�t when we
Rewrite these future sentences using going to or will/won�t � the first one has been done for you.
1 I�ll phone him tomorrow.
I�m going to phone him
tomorrow.
2 Is Amanda going to stay
here?
________________________ ?
3 They�re not going to wait
for us.
________________________ .
4 Will Dave be here tomorrow?
________________________ ?
5 We�ll show you the sights.
________________________ .
6 The weather is going to get
better.
________________________ .
7 James won�t forget, will he?
____________, __________ ?
8 I won�t do my homework yet.
________________________ .
9 Suzie isn�t going to be there.
________________________ .
10 Is Fred going to read that
book?
________________________ ?
107
Correct the following sentences. Be careful �
1 Do you go to phone them?
2 Is Justine going to doing the shopping?
3 Are Kath going to buy the tickets?
4 We�re not going to meet them after all.
5 The trains go to be late all day today.
6 Does he going to be late again?
7 Do we going to be in time?
8 My brother�s going to do the cooking.
9 I�ll going to phone them tomorrow.
10 Be Henry going to wash the car?
Dialogue 4
JAMES:
Hello Dave.
DAVE:
James! How�s things?
JAMES:
Fine. But listen, Dave � something�s come up, and I have to visit my family in Scotland. But I know we were going to get together tomorrow over lunch to discuss business, weren�t we?
DAVE:
Yes � do you want to put it off?
JAMES:
Would you mind?
DAVE:
No problem! How about later in the week?
JAMES:
Would Thursday fit in with you?
DAVE:
Thursday�s fine. I�ll put you down for twelve o�clock.
Language point 44 � more about
phrasal verbs
As we saw in Language point 20 in Unit 3, PHRASAL VERBS are an important and common feature of colloquial English. And we have to be careful when we use them with PRONOUNS.
In Dialogue 4 Dave says:
I�ll put you down for twelve o�clock
108
and he puts the OBJECT pronoun you
�I�ll put down you for twelve o�clock�
When we use PRONOUNS as the objects of phrasal verbs, we
�Please write down it for me�
The radio�s been on all day � why don�t you turn
�why don�t you switch off it?�
But with NOUN objects, we can put them either before or after the adverb:
Why don�t you turn
Why don�t you turn off
I�ve got to pay
I�ve got to pay in
Change these phrasal verb sentences by replacing the noun with a pronoun, as in the first example.
1 I�m going to pay in this cheque.
I�m going to pay it in.
2 Henry�s going to do up the
house.
__________________ .
3 Could you turn off the radio?
__________________ ?
4 I need to look up these words.
__________________ .
5 Could you write down the
address?
__________________ ?
6 Will you fill in these forms?
__________________ ?
7 We�re going to send back the
letters.
__________________ .
8 They�re going to knock down
this building.
__________________ .
9 Tom�s trying to start up the
engine.
__________________ .
10 Switch off the lights, please.
__________________ .
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Dialogue 5
SU:
Are you going to come with us to see the Stones?
NEIL:
Well, I was going to, but it looks like I can�t make it.
SU:
Oh dear � why not?
NEIL:
It�s on the twenty-fifth, isn�t it?
SU:
Yes. Is that a problem?
NEIL:
Don�t you remember? It�s our wedding anniversary, and I�m going to take Fiona out somewhere to cele-brate.
SU:
Where are you going to take her?
NEIL:
I don�t know yet. I want to surprise her.
SU:
Well, why don�t you bring her to see the Stones?
NEIL:
Fiona hates the Stones.
SU:
Then it�ll be a real surprise for her, won�t it?
Idioms
� it looks like means �it seems that . . .� or �it�s probable that . . .�
It looks like it�ll rain later
It looks like we�re going to miss the bus
� I can�t make it means �I won�t be able to keep the appointment� or
�I won�t be able to do what we planned�.
� We use Oh dear to show that we are
James has broken his leg.
� Oh dear, has he?
Oh dear, we�re going to be late for the concert.
The coffee machine�s broken today, I�m afraid
� Oh dear.
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Dialogue 6
KELLY:
This milk doesn�t seem very fresh, does it?
DI:
What do you mean?
KELLY:
[
[
DI:
Hmm � you�re right, it smells off. Take it back, I expect they�ll give you your money back.
KELLY:
I hope so!
Language point 45 � state verbs
Most verbs in English are ACTION VERBS � they describe an action that lasts a short period of time and has a beginning and an end.
Here are some examples of action verbs:
say
write
switch on
eat
run
go out
read
phone
look for
But some verbs are
� feelings
� states of mind
� situations that continue over a period of time
Here are some examples of state verbs:
know
remember
prefer
hope
see
feel
contain
taste
have
forget
mean
expect
belong
love
want
smell
think
hate
seem
like
State verbs work differently from action verbs in English � in particular, they
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action
Harry�s looking for a newspaper
state
Harry wants a newspaper
�Harry�s wanting a newspaper�
In the first sentence, look for describes an action, and we use the PRESENT CONTINUOUS to show that the action is happening
In the same way, present tense questions and negatives are different for actions and states:
action
Is Harry looking for a newspaper?
state
Does Harry want a newspaper?
action
Harry isn�t looking for a newspaper.
state
Harry doesn�t want a newspaper.
because the present continuous uses be as its AUXILIARY, while the present simple uses do. It is
�Is Harry wanting a newspaper?�
�Harry isn�t wanting a newspaper.�
Be careful! Some state verbs have
are actions � for example, expect means �think (something will happen)� (state), but it also means �wait for� (action): I expect Suzie�ll be late
(state)
I�m expecting a parcel today
(action)
Another example � see (state) means �understand�, but see (action) means �visit�:
I see why you�re upset
(state)
I�m seeing my family at the weekend
(action)
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Make the correct choice from the brackets to complete the sentences � you will need to think about whether the verbs are state or action.
1 I (want/�m wanting) to see the new film.
2 James (goes/is going) to the cinema this evening.
3 Brian (isn�t liking/doesn�t like) vegetables.
4 (Is this book belonging/Does this book belong) to you?
5 My diary (contains/is containing) important information.
6 Adrian (doesn�t read/isn�t reading) the paper at the moment.
7 (Do you know/Are you knowing) John Smith?
8 Shamira (sees/�s seeing) her family this evening.
9 I (don�t expect/�m not expecting) any post today.
10 (Do you see/Are you seeing) what I�m saying?
Language point 46 � �bring� and �take�
Bring and take are DIRECTION VERBS, like come and go: come
means:
move
bring
means:
carry (a thing) or lead (a person)
the speaker
go
means:
move
take
means:
carry (a thing) or lead (a person)
In Dialogue 5, Su says to Neil:
Why don�t you bring her to see the Stones?
This shows that Su will be at the Stones concert herself, and she is imagining Neil and Fiona coming to join her there � otherwise she would have said:
Why don�t you take her to see the Stones?
Then Neil says to Su:
I�m going to take Fiona out somewhere
because he is imagining himself
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The important thing with bring and take is the
(Fiona is in the kitchen, Neil is in the living room) Neil, could you bring the plates into the kitchen?
(Fiona and Neil are both in the living room)
Neil, could you take the plates into the kitchen?
Bring and take also form a number of very common PHRASAL VERBS
(Language point 44):
bring in
take away
bring out
take off
bring up
take over
bring round
take out
bring over
take on
Some of these have obvious meanings � take away, for example �
but others are less easy to work out and should be learnt: The plane is going to take off in ten
minutes
(leave the ground)
Jane�s bringing up the children on her
own
(raise)
Babies often bring up their food
(vomit)
I�m going to bring that point up at the
next meeting
(raise)
Simon�s taking on too much work
(undertake)
Decide whether to use bring or take in the following sentences.
1 Could you (bring/take) those bags over here?
2 We�re going to (bring/take) the children on holiday to Orlando.
3 Shall I (bring/take) a curry back with me when I come home?
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4 Bert and Fiona are coming, and they�re (bringing/taking) the kids.
5 (Bring/Take) those keys over to me.
6 The food�s already here � who�s (bringing/taking) the drinks?
7 Shall we (bring/take) some wine to the party?
8 Would you like me to (bring/take) you home?
9 I want you to (bring/take) these papers over to Henry.
10 Please (bring/take) your computer off my desk.
We�ve seen
first (1st), second (2nd) and third (3rd) are irregular, but the others are easy to recognise and end in -th. See if you can spot them in this exercise. Listen to the audio of these different people telling you their names and their birthdays. Then match the names to the dates.
Liam
10 May
Sally
20 March
Adam
1 October
Edward
2 November
Monica
17 July
Keith
8 February
Anthea
7 December
Greg
22 September
Susan
10 November
Carl
17 June
Phrasal verbs
come up � when we say Something�s come up, we mean that something
do up � �redecorate�. When we do things up, we improve them or make them look better or newer. It
get together � �meet by arrangement�. We must get together soon means
�We must arrange to meet soon�.
knock down � �demolish�, �destroy�. We use this phrasal verb mostly about
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look up � when we look for a word in a dictionary, we say that we�re looking the word up.
put down (for) � when you put someone down for a specific time, it means that you make an
start up � we sometimes use start up when we talk about starting engines or other machinery; it means that we switch it on to make it start.
turn off � �switch off� (Unit 6).
turn on � �switch on� (Unit 6).
Life and living � seasons and weather
In Dialogue 3 we saw Hannah and Simon doing what a lot of people do in Britain a lot of the time � talking about the weather!
Because of their geographical position on the north-western edge of the continent of Europe, the British Isles experience a wide variety of types of weather, with weather systems constantly blowing in off the Atlantic and bringing meteorological conditions that are not only changeable but often also dramatic. In addition, there are four well-defined seasons, each with its own typical weather patterns.
Winter is usually cold, especially in the north of England and in Scotland, and you can expect snow, sometimes heavy, at any time from December to February. Southern areas tend to get less snow, sometimes none at all, but snow is very unpredictable and even the south can wake up to a white landscape. Spring is characterised bymilder temperatures, windy weather and showers all over the country, with more rain in the west than in the east generally.
Summer can be quite hot and sunny, especially in July and August, with record temperatures during long spells of fine weather. At the end of September the summer heat abates and autumn arrives, with its misty weather and the changing colours of the leaves on the trees signalling the approach of winter once more.
Of course, the day-to-day picture is much more complicated than that in a country like Britain, and its probably not surprising that we have a lot of weather words. Rain can come as showers, drizzle or a downpour, for example; and snow can appear as flurries or a blizzard or in drifts (and don�t forget hail and sleet!). One day you can experience a heatwave, and the next day can be watching the spectacle of a violent thunderstorm.
But whatever the weather when you�re in Britain, you�ll always have something to talk about. And don�t forget your umbrella!
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geographical position � where something is in the world continent � large body of land, like Europe or Asia British Isles � the main islands of Britain and Ireland, with all the outlying small islands that belong to them
variety � different kinds
constantly � all the time, again and again
meteorological conditions � types of weather changeable � likely to change a lot
dramatic � noticeable, impressive, surprising well-defined � easy to distinguish, obviously different patterns � a regular way in which something happens tend to get � usually get
unpredictable � coming without warning
wake up to � see or find as soon as you wake up landscape � what the land around you looks like is characterised by � typically or usually has milder � less cold
showers � short periods of rain
record temperatures � very high (or very low) temperatures spells � periods
fine weather � sunny, calm weather
abates � goes down, gets less
misty � where there is a lot of mist (wet cloud at ground level) signalling � giving a sign that something will happen approach of winter � that winter is coming
drizzle � very light but steady rain
downpour � very heavy rain
flurries � light snow blowing in the wind
blizzard � heavy snowstorm
drifts � lying snow
hail � frozen rain
sleet � a mixture of rain and snow; wet snow heatwave � a long period of very hot weather spectacle � something you see that is strange or impressive thunderstorm � an electrical storm with thunder and lightning umbrella � something for protecting you from the rain
8 Can I make an
appointment?
In this unit you will learn:
� how to make appointments over the phone
� how to use �can�, �could� and �should�
� how to use two verbs together
� more about state verbs
Dialogue 1
RECEPTIONIST:
Surgery. Good morning.
GERRY:
Good morning. Can I make an appointment to see
the doctor today?
RECEPTIONIST:
We�re very busy this morning, I�m afraid. May I ask what the problem is?
GERRY:
I�ve got a bad cold. Do you think I could see one of the doctors just for five minutes?
RECEPTIONIST:
Hold on a moment . . . yes, Dr Smith is free at ten
� will that do?
GERRY:
Great. Thanks a lot.
RECEPTIONIST:
Not at all. See you at ten.
GERRY:
Bye.
Idioms
� hold on means �wait�
� Will that do? means �Is that convenient for you?�
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Dialogue 2
MARIA:
Now, how often should I take these?
DOCTOR:
I want you to take a green one each morning, and a red one at night.
MARIA:
How long for?
DOCTOR:
Keep taking them every day until you feel better, or until you run out.
MARIA:
What if I run out and I still don�t feel any better?
DOCTOR:
Then you�d better come back and see me.
Dialogue 3
MARIA:
I�ve got some green pills and some red ones.
TONY:
When are you supposed to take them?
MARIA:
The red ones every morning, and the green ones . . .
oh, no, wait a minute . . . Is that right?
[
No, I�m supposed to take these green ones in the morning, and the red ones at night.
TONY:
Are you sure? You ought to check if you�re not. Why don�t you phone the surgery and ask?
MARIA:
You�re right � I�d better phone and ask to speak to the doctor again.
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Language point 47 � �can�, �could� and
�should�
In Language point 18 we saw the AUXILIARY could /k�d/ used with the BASE-FORM to ask someone to do something:
Could you help me?
Could you tell me where the bank is?
In Dialogue 1 Gerry uses could to ask
And in Dialogue 2 Maria asks the doctor to do something: Do you think you could write that down for me?
These last two examples are just longer ways of saying Could I see one of the doctors?
Could you write that down for me?
Gerry also uses another auxiliary can when he says: Can I make an appointment?
Can I . . .? is really the same as Could I . . .? in this sense � in colloquial English you can ask permission using either: Can/Could I speak to the manager?
Can/Could I see the menu?
Can/Could I offer you a lift?
But the
=
Are you able to swim?
I can speak English.
=
I am able to speak English.
Dave can ride a bike.
=
Dave is able to ride a bike.
Note that:
1
can
2
We use the BASE-FORM,
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3
We
He is late
→
Is he late?
He can ride →
Can he ride?
In Dialogue 2 we see another auxiliary: should /ʃud/. This word works in exactly the same way as can and could, and is used to talk about
The negative forms of can, could, and should have special SHORT
FORMS that you should learn:
can�t /kɑnt/
couldn�t /`k�dnt/
shouldn�t /`ʃudnt/
Finally, when the doctor in Dialogue 2 says:
You�d better come back . . .
he means:
�it would be a good thing for you to come back . . .�
. . . �d better works like the other auxiliaries in this Language point
� it�s followed by the BASE-FORM, and it
More examples:
You�d better phone her
We�d better leave now
I�d better do my homework
The negative simply adds not:
You look ill � you�d better not go to work tomorrow The doctor also says:
I want you to take a green one . . .
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We can say what we want someone else to do (or not do) by using: I want
I�d like
you
+
to-form
I don�t want
Change these sentences to can or be able � the first one has been done for you.
1
Julie can swim.
Julie is able to swim.
2
Can they speak English?
_________________ ?
3
Dave isn�t able to come.
_________________ .
4
Can you see the screen?
_________________ ?
5
Are they able to walk?
_________________ ?
6
Suzie�s not able to make the
appointment.
_________________ .
7
I can�t advise you on this.
_________________ .
8
Can Julie and Simon come
tonight?
_________________ ?
Write what
� the first one has been done for you.
1
You and Fiona are late for an appointment.
(hurry up)
We�d better hurry up.
2
Suzie is carrying an expensive vase very carelessly.
(drop)
____________________________________________________
3
Someone is coming to buy your car. But it�s
very dirty.
(clean)
____________________________________________________
4
Barry�s late, but you and Jenny don�t want to go
without him.
(wait for)
____________________________________________________
5
You�re trying to read, but it�s getting dark.
(turn on)
____________________________________________________
6
Someone�s broken into Henry�s house.
(phone)
____________________________________________________
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Language point 48 � �what if . . . ?�
In Language point 41 we saw how the PRESENT CONTINUOUS is often used in English to mean the FUTURE. Sometimes we use the PRESENT SIMPLE in the same way, as for example when Maria says in Dialogue 2:
What if I run out . . . ?
She is talking about something that might happen
What if we arrive late?
What if Dave doesn�t want to come with us?
What if the bus is late?
What if the guests don�t like the food?
This is a short way of saying:
What shall we do if . . . ?
We
What if we arrive late?
�What if we�re arriving late?�
�What if we�ll arrive late?�
You�re having a very pessimistic day. Respond
1
Let�s go to the cinema!
(We won�t like the film)
What if we don�t like the film?
2
Let�s go shopping in town!
(The shops will be shut)
__________________________ ?
3
Let�s go for a ride in the car!
(The car will break down)
__________________________ ?
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4
Let�s listen to my new CD!
(The neighbours will complain)__________________________ ?
5
Let�s go to a club!
(The doorman won�t let us in) __________________________ ?
6
Let�s order some Vietnamese food!
(The waiter won�t understand
us)
__________________________ ?
7
Let�s paint the house
(The neighbours won�t like
the colour)
_________________________ ?
8
Let�s phone Ozzy Osbourne!
(He won�t answer)
_________________________ ?
Dialogue 4
JANE:
There you are, Sarah � hello!
SARAH:
Hi. Sorry I�m a bit late.
JANE:
Where�s Debbie? She normally comes for coffee with you.
SARAH:
Not today, I�m afraid. She�s not feeling very well.
JANE:
What�s wrong with her?
SARAH:
She�s got a headache and she�s feeling a bit sick.
JANE:
Has she seen the doctor?
SARAH:
She�s seeing him later on.
Dialogue 5
SCOTT:
Do you fancy going out tonight?
JUSTINE:
OK � where do you want to go?
SCOTT:
How about a film? I can�t wait to see the new Johnny Depp film.
JUSTINE:
I hate watching action movies � they always seem to be the same. Can�t you arrange to see it with someone else another time?
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SCOTT:
OK, OK. Well . . . we could go to Maria�s party.
JUSTINE:
That�s fine, but only if you promise to be nice to her.
SCOTT:
I�ll try, but it�s very difficult. I just can�t help laughing at her pictures.
JUSTINE:
You�ll have to avoid looking at them, or pretend to like them. If you can�t manage to do either of those, then I�m not coming.
SCOTT:
You�re really putting me off going now, Justine.
JUSTINE:
OK, what else could we do?
SCOTT:
Well, why don�t we just decide to stay in? I don�t mind ordering a pizza for us. Besides, Maria�s parties are usually pretty useless, aren�t they?
JUSTINE:
True.
Idiom
� pretty useless means �not very good� or even �quite bad�
Language point 49 � more about state
verbs
In Language point 45 in the last unit we saw that state verbs in English describe a situation that
I like curry
�I�m liking curry�
This book belongs to me
�This book�s belonging to me�
See and feel are on the list of state verbs in Language point 45, but in Dialogue 4 of this unit Sarah uses both of them in the present continuous:
She�s not feeling very well
She�s seeing him later on
In the first sentence Sarah is talking about a
a situation that
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Now look at the second example.
Some state verbs in English have
(state)
have
=
possess
(action)
have
=
receive; eat food
(state)
think
=
believe; have an opinion
(action)
think
=
think about something; turn something
over in your mind
(state)
look
=
have appearance
(action)
look
=
use your eyes to see
(state)
see
=
understand
(action)
see
=
visit
So when Sarah says:
She�s seeing him later on
she�s using the
Here are other examples using the verbs above:
Adrian has a yellow car
(possess)
Adrian�s having eggs for lunch
(eat food)
I think this book�s wonderful
(opinion)
Be quiet � I�m thinking
(think about something)
Candace looks cross
(has appearance)
Candace is looking at her desk
(use eyes to see)
Decide between the two choices in the brackets � you will have to consider whether the verb is used in its
1
I (�m thinking/think) hard about that question.
2
(Are we having/Do we have) eggs for breakfast this morning?
3
You (look/�re looking) very like your sister.
4
Tom (thinks/�s thinking) Indian food�s good for you.
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5
What�s that book you (look/�re looking) at?
6
I (don�t see/�m not seeing) what he means.
7
Simon (has/�s having) a second-hand Ferrari.
8
Dave (doesn�t see/isn�t seeing) his girlfriend this weekend.
Language point 50 � -ing and to-forms
after verbs
In colloquial English there are different ways of joining two verbs together. In Dialogue 5 Scott says:
I can�t wait to see the new Johnny Depp film
I can�t help laugh
I can�t wait to see you
I can�t help laughing
Here are some common verbs and verb phrases followed by -ing or to:
Do you fancy
promise
Do you feel like
arrange
I can�t help
seem
avoid
+ -ing
pretend
+ to
put off
decide
I don�t mind
I can�t wait
I hate
� Do you fancy doing . . . ? and Do you feel like doing . . . ? both mean Would you like to do . . . ?
� I can�t wait to do . . . means I�m very keen/impatient to do . . .
� I don�t mind doing . . . means I�m happy to do . . .
When you put someone off doing something, you persuade them
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Good learners� dictionaries will always tell you whether to use -ing or to after a verb or verb phrase.
This exercise is to give you
or the ING-FORM in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.
1 I can�t wait (see) the new film.
I can�t wait to see the new film.
2 Don�t forget (order) the tickets.
__________________________ .
3 She promises (come) back later.
__________________________ .
4 The government is offering (help) with the costs.
__________________________ .
5 I always enjoy (have) dinner with Julie.
__________________________ .
6 Remember (lock) the door.
__________________________ .
7 Suzie hates (do) the shopping.
__________________________ .
8 We�re going (swim) this afternoon.
__________________________ .
9 I don�t want (offend) him.
__________________________ .
10 Why don�t you give up (smoke)?
__________________________ ?
11 We can�t avoid (see) them.
__________________________ .
12 Will Brenda decide (apply) for that job?
__________________________ ?
13 I don�t mind (pay) the bill.
__________________________ .
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14 Do you fancy (learn) yoga?
__________________________ ?
15 You don�t happen (know) where he is, do you?
__________________________ ?
16 Dave doesn�t really like (cook).
__________________________ .
17 I�d better pretend (be) ill.
__________________________ .
18 James needs (fly) to Australia next week.
__________________________ .
19 We hope (see) you all again soon.
__________________________ .
20 We�d better put off (see) them till next week.
__________________________ .
Language point 51 � �else�
Else means �other�; but it�s only used with: 1
PRONOUNS ending in -one, -body and -thing, for example: anyone else
(= any other person)
nobody else
(= no other person)
nothing else
(= no other thing)
someone else
(= some other person)
2
the place adverbs somewhere, anywhere and nowhere: somewhere else
(= in some other place)
nowhere else
(= in no other place)
anywhere else
(= in any other place)
3
question words:
who else?
what else?
where else?
(= in what other place?)
why else?
(= for what other reason?)
how else?
(= in what other way?)
when else?
(= at what other time?)
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You
�Shall we invite anyone other?�
�Shall we invite any other person?�
But what else (pronoun) becomes what other when used as an adjective with a following noun:
What else do you want to buy?
�What other do you want to buy?�
What other books do you want to buy?
�What else books do you want to buy?�
And it is
�The books else�
Shall we have another drink?
�Shall we have a drink else?�
Decide which of these sentences are correct, and which are wrong.
Correct the wrong ones.
1 What else food shall we buy?
2 The people else will be here later.
3 Where are the others?
4 Who else is coming tonight?
5 Where other place would you like to go?
6 Can I have an else cream cake?
7 I like this coat, but the else one�s better.
8 I know you, but I don�t know anybody else here.
9 I need another cup of tea.
10 Would you like anything other, or is that all?
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Dialogue 6
SHAMIRA: Every time we come
here we have to
wait!
KATH:
Never mind � it
won�t be long now.
SHAMIRA: We�ve been here the
whole morning,
practically.
KATH:
[
SHAMIRA: It�s really annoying, and I�m fed up!
KATH:
It�s no use being annoyed, Shamira. Either we can wait here and be patient, or we can come back later.
SHAMIRA: Why does everyone else decide to come here just when I want to?
KATH:
Calm down. All the assistants are busy, but . . .
SHAMIRA: You mean �both the assistants�! There are only two of them! They should employ more assistants so people don�t have to wait.
KATH:
Look, we�re in town all day today � let�s come back when they�re not so rushed off their feet.
SHAMIRA: I�m not budging!
Idioms
� practically means �almost� or �nearly�
� We sometimes use actually to
� She�s nineteen, actually.
Are you looking for ward to the party?
� Actually I�m not coming.
� rushed off their feet means �very busy�
� I�m not budging means �I�m not moving from here� or �I�m staying right where I am�
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Language point 52 � �annoyed� and
�annoying�
Shamira says:
It�s really annoying!
and Kath tells her:
It�s no use being annoyed
In English we have -ing and -ed adjectives formed from verbs � it is important to know the difference in meaning between them.
Shamira calls the
-ing
-ed
Let�s look at some more pairs of examples:
Kath is interested in her magazine
because her magazine is interesting
Brenda is stuck in traffic � she�s annoyed
because being in a traffic jam is annoying
When something surprising happens
everyone is surprised
When we see an amazing film
we are amazed
Be careful! The -ing adjectives can come
be
This book is interesting
This is an interesting book
but the -ed adjectives
but
�This is an annoyed person�
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Choose the correct word from the brackets for each sentence.
1 Gerry�s (disappointed/disappointing) that the game�s cancelled.
2 Are you (interested/interesting) in tropical fish?
3 Andy gets very (excited/exciting) when he plays computer games.
4 It�s really (annoyed/annoying) to miss the bus.
5 We want to have an (excited/exciting) holiday in New Zealand.
6 This long heavy book is very (bored/boring).
7 Suzie gets rather (annoyed/annoying) when the kids are noisy.
8 Turn the TV off! I�m (bored/boring) with this programme!
9 It�s very (relaxed/relaxing) to sit in a bath at the end of the day.
10 I�m (surprised/surprising) to hear your news.
Complete the sentences using the words from the box. You�ll need to use each word
1 Janet�s very ________ with her poor exam results.
2 I really don�t like my job � it�s dull and _____ .
3 It�s ____________ that I can�t come your birthday party.
4 This book is very ________ � I think you�ll enjoy it.
5 I�m very _______ because I�ve got nothing to do.
6 The noise from your bedroom is very __________ � I can�t work!
7 It�s raining hard, so it�s ___________ that so many people are here.
8 Is Tim ____________ in large boats?
9 Are you ____________ at Brian�s good performance today?
10 I�m very __________ that the bus is late again!
annoydisappoint
bore
interest
surprise
133
Phrasal verbs
calm down � �become calm�. When we tell someone to calm down, we want them stop being nervous or agitated, and to relax.
fed up � when you are fed up, you are unhappy about something, or bored with something, or rather angry about something. I�m fed up with thishomework means �I�ve had enough of this homework� or �I don�t want to do this homework any more�.
hold on � �wait�; hang on means the same thing.
put off � we saw this phrasal verb in Unit 6, meaning �postpone�; but it has another meaning: when we put someone off doing something, we discourage them from doing it � we convince them that they shouldn�t do it.
run out (of) � when we run out of something, we use the last of it and we haven�t got any left. Notice that we can say
Life and living � sport
If you don�t want to have to visit the doctor like the people at the start of this unit, you need to keep fit � and a good way to do that is to play sport! The British take their sport very seriously, and there are two games that have a special place in their hearts. Football is regarded as the national game, at least in England and Scotland, and is played at all levels, both professionally and among amateurs, every weekend from autumn to spring. The best football clubs attract thousands of supporters and spectators to the grounds to watch the action. Millions more watch the matches live on television, either at home or on large screens in pubs. Many football fans have a particular club that they support � ask them What team doyou support? and they�ll tell you. They might even be wearing their team�s strip, in which case you probably won�t need to ask!
England (along with other English-speaking countries and members of the Commonwealth, such as Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan and the West Indies) also has a
The fielders try to get them out (of the game) by knocking down the wicket, or by catching the ball when it�s been hit . . . or in several
134
other ways. Yes, it�s all rather mysterious and sounds very complicated to the uninitiated, but, like most things in life, it�s easy when you know how. There are plenty of books in the shops that�ll explain the rules of cricket in detail (sometimes far too much detail) � and there are plenty of people around who�ll save you the money by doing the job themselves.
Cricket is a summer game in the UK, but it�s played all year round now, because during the football season the national cricket team goes to play the national teams of the other countries in warmer parts of the world. So being a professional cricketer for your country has now become a full-time year-round job!
regarded as � thought of as, considered
professionally � in return for payment
amateur � without being paid
spectator � someone who watches a game
ground � the field (or stadium) where a game is played action � what�s happening on the field
match � a game between two teams
live � at the time that it happens,
strip � the uniform that a team wears when they are playing Commonwealth � a federation of countries with historical and cultural links to the UK
West Indies � the island nations of the Caribbean bats � uses a bat (a wooden thing for hitting a ball) at a time � simultaneously
wicket � three sticks in the ground (don�t ask � just buy a book on cricket) out � out of the game
mysterious � hard to understand
uninitiated � someone who hasn�t been told the rules
9 I�ve lost my
passport!
In this unit you will learn how to:
� talk about things that have happened recently
� talk about a a sequence of events
� ask people about events that have already happened
� form and use the past simple
� form and use the present perfect
� use some time adverbs
Dialogue 1
LIZ:
Have we bought everything we need?
SHAMIRA:
I think so � I�ve crossed everything off the shopping list and I don�t think we�ve forgotten anything.
[
C/ASSISTANT:
Hello. Have you got a dividend card?
SHAMIRA:
Yes � hang on . . . it�s in my bag.
[
. . . Liz! I think I�ve lost my passport!
LIZ:
What? Oh no � are you sure you brought it with you?
SHAMIRA:
Yes, quite sure � it was in my bag when I left the house, and now it�s gone!
LIZ:
Have you dropped it somewhere in the shop here?
SHAMIRA:
I don�t think so � I�ve only just opened my bag.
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LIZ:
OK. Don�t panic.
Let me pay for all
this, and then we�ll
go to the police
station and report
it lost.
SHAMIRA: Yes. Maybe
someone�s found it
somewhere and
handed it in.
Language point 53 � present perfect
This is a very important form of the verb in English � it is used for talking about things that have
In Dialogue 1 Liz asks:
Have we bought everything?
She uses:
� the PRESENT tense of have
+
� the PAST PARTICIPLE of the main verb buy
to form the PRESENT PERFECT.
We already know the present tense of have � go back to Language point 25 in Unit 4 if you want to remind yourself. Now we need to know how to form the PAST PARTICIPLE:
� REGULAR verbs add -ed to the BASE-FORM. For example:
laugh
laughed
open
opened
hand in
handed in
cross off
crossed off
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Spelling rules
� when the base-form of a regular verb ends in -e, we simply add -d:
close
closed
� when it ends in a SINGLE VOWEL + SINGLE CONSONANT, we
drop
dropped
� when it ends in CONSONANT + y we drop the y and add -ied: try
tried
cry
cried
play
played (VOWEL + y)
Pronunciation
The -ed ending is pronounced:
/d/ after -d and -t:
handed /`hndd/
/d/
after vowel sounds and
VOICED consonants:
opened /`ə�pənd/
/t/
after UNVOICED consonants:
kicked /kkt/
� For IRREGULAR VERBS, we have to
�buyed� but bought. Here are some more example of irregular past participles.
see
seen
fly
flown
lose
lost
find
found
At the end of this book you will find a list of all common irregular verbs with their past participles.
138
With all verbs, regular and irregular, we form questions in the present perfect by simply reversing the position of the SUBJECT and have:
I�ve lost
Have I lost?
Dave�s arrived
Has Dave arrived?
They�ve phoned
Have they phoned?
And we form negatives by adding not to have/has:
I�ve lost
I haven�t lost
Dave�s arrived
Dave hasn�t arrived
They�ve phoned
They haven�t phoned
Remember that we normally use SHORT FORMS of have in statements, and n�t instead of not in negatives � and that we
FORMS have and has in questions.
THE PAST PARTICIPLE
Rewrite these sentences in the present perfect � the first one has been done for you.
1
Leasa�s washing the car.
Leasa�s washed the car.
2
Justine�s painting the door.
____________________ .
3
Andy and Bob are closing
the shop.
____________________ .
4
We�re not playing football
today.
____________________ .
5
We�re organising a party for
her.
____________________ .
6
Are you watching the film?
____________________ ?
7
Is Julie opening the
window?
____________________ ?
8
Dave isn�t waiting for us.
____________________ .
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Now rewrite these present perfect sentences in the present continuous.
1 They haven�t ordered any
They�re not ordering any
food.
food.
2 Simon�s used the computer.
_______________________ .
3 Su and Kath have refused to
come.
_______________________ .
4 Have you looked for the
paper?
_______________________ ?
5 Has Rosemary left?
_______________________ ?
6 Have the children come in?
_______________________ ?
7 Has anyone used this cup?
_______________________ ?
8 I haven�t bought any food.
_______________________ .
9 Ann�s sold her house.
_______________________ .
10 Has Jenny phoned the
office?
_______________________ ?
Dialogue 2
SHAMIRA:
Good morning. I�d like to report a lost passport.
DESK OFFICER:
I see. Could I take your name first?
SHAMIRA:
Yes � Shamira Meghani.
DESK OFFICER:
Right. And when did you lose your passport?
SHAMIRA:
I think I lost it when I was in town this morning.
I�m sure I had it with me when I left the house, but I didn�t have it by the time we got to the supermarket checkout.
DESK OFFICER:
Was the passport in your pocket?
SHAMIRA:
No, it wasn�t. It was in my bag.
DESK OFFICER:
And did you take it out of your bag while you were in town?
SHAMIRA:
I�m not sure if I did or not. Perhaps I did, or perhaps someone stole it from my bag.
DESK OFFICER:
Which shops did you visit on your trip to town?
SHAMIRA:
Well . . . let�s see now: first I went to a café to meet my friend here and we had a coffee, then we went
140
to the bank to get some money, and then we both
went shopping in the supermarket.
DESK OFFICER:
And did you go anywhere else?
SHAMIRA:
No � after doing the shopping and noticing the passport was missing, we came straight here.
[
LIZ:
You
SHAMIRA:
Oh yes � so I did!
LIZ:
Maybe the passport fell out then?
SHAMIRA:
Maybe it did. Perhaps I should phone the bank and
see if they�ve found the passport.
DESK OFFICER:
Do feel free to use my phone.
SHAMIRA:
Thanks.
141
Dialogue 3
BANK:
MegaBank Services. Good morning.
SHAMIRA:
Ah, good morning. My name is Shamira Meghani. I was in your bank earlier this morning and I�m wondering if I dropped my passport while I was there.
Has anybody found a passport, by any chance?
BANK:
Hold on a moment � I�ll check for you. [
SHAMIRA:
Hello.
BANK:
Yes, one of our customers has just handed a passport in.
SHAMIRA:
Oh, thank goodness for that!
BANK:
When exactly did you lose your passport?
SHAMIRA:
Oh, I didn�t notice until about half an hour ago, but I was in the bank at about 9.30 this morning.
BANK:
Have you lost anything else?
SHAMIRA:
Anything else? No . . . I don�t think I have.
[
BANK:
Something you used in the bank?
[
SHAMIRA:
Oh my God! My chequebook�s gone as well!
BANK:
Yes. You left your chequebook on the counter, and the passport was inside.
SHAMIRA:
I�ll come and pick them up when I�ve taken the shopping home.
BANK:
That�ll be fine. Remember to bring some identification with you.
SHAMIRA:
OK. See you in a bit. And thanks.
BANK:
See you later.
Idioms
� We say Thank goodness, or Thank God, when we are
� in a bit means �soon�
142
Language point 54 � past simple
In Dialogue 1 Shamira and Liz were using the PRESENT PERFECT
because they we talking about things that
I�ve lost my passport
because she had just noticed this.
But in Dialogue 2 the policeman says:
When did you lose your passport?
�When have you lost your passport?�
He uses the PAST SIMPLE, because he is talking about an event that
We will look in more detail at the difference in
� with a REGULAR verb:
+
she�s opened
she opened
?
has she opened?
did she open?
�
she hasn�t opened
she didn�t open
� with the IRREGULAR verbs buy and see:
+
she�s bought
she bought
?
has she bought?
did she buy?
�
she hasn�t bought
she didn�t buy
+
she�s seen
she saw
?
has she seen?
did she see?
�
she hasn�t seen
she didn�t see
There are
We use the AUXILIARY did + BASE-FORM to make questions and negatives.
143
2
We
3
The statement past simple form is the
This means that for all irregular verbs (there aren�t too many of them, but they
Did you notice a difference between the PRESENT SIMPLE and the PAST
SIMPLE?
I buy
I bought
she buys
she bought
We
Complete these sentences by writing the verbs in the past simple �
the first one has been done for you.
1 Sandra broke her leg last week.
(break)
2 James ______ off a ladder yesterday.
(fall)
3 That man _______ my wallet!
(steal)
4 I ________ yesterday but no one ______ .
(phone) (answer)
5 Suzie _______ last night.
(call)
6 I _______ my bag at the office.
(leave)
7 She ______ to me at the end of the meeting. (speak) 8 Who ______ that ball?
(throw)
9 We all ________ TV after dinner.
(watch)
10 My sister _______ to Italy last month.
(go)
Change these past simple sentences into positive, question or negative as indicated. The first one has been done for you.
1
Candace travelled by bus.
[?]
Did Candace travel by bus?
2
Did they help him?
[�]
_______________________
144
3
Did she open the window? [+]
_______________________
4
Terry didn�t wash the car.
[+]
_______________________
5
Henry walked to college
today.
[?]
_______________________
6
Suzie cleaned her teeth.
[�]
_______________________
7
The others arrived late.
[?]
_______________________
8
Sandra played the piano.
[?]
_______________________
Language point 55 � more about the
past simple
In Dialogue 3 both PAST SIMPLE and PRESENT PERFECT tenses are used
� it�s important in English to use them correctly and to understand the differences; they are
The bank employee says:
One of our customers has just handed a passport in He uses the PRESENT PERFECT because it happened
He uses the PAST SIMPLE here because he�s talking about an event that happened
Let�s look at these two sentences using go: a
Anne�s gone to the bank
(present perfect)
b
Anne went to the bank yesterday
(past simple)
Sentence (a) means that Anne was here a short while ago, but she isn�t here now. Sentence (b) simply states what happened yesterday.
Another way of looking at this difference is to imagine that we are in a room where Anne works. If someone comes in and asks for Anne, then we can only say (a) if Anne isn�t in the room (because she�s gone); but we could say (b)
145
It is sometimes difficult for students of English to decide whether to use the present perfect or the past simple when talking about the past � but here are two helpful rules:
1
if something has happened a very short time ago: PRESENT
PERFECT
2
if there is a word that indicates
SIMPLE
So:
Is Kath here?
� She�s gone out to get a coffee � she�ll be back in a minute (1)
� She went out half an hour ago � I don�t know where she is (2) Back in Dialogue 2, Liz makes a statement and says: You did take all your stuff out of your bag
She
You took all your stuff out of your bag
This would be the normal past simple statement � but here she uses the auxiliary did (which we usually find only in past simple questions and negatives) to
Oh yes � so I did!
Then she does the same thing again. Liz says:
Maybe the passport fell out then?
and Shamira replies:
Maybe it did
We also use did to make QUESTION TAGS in the past simple: We went to Italy last year.
� Did you?
Stuart hurt his knee at football today.
� Oh dear, did he?
146
Look at the difference between past simple and present perfect tags: Helen has gone.
� Has she?
Helen went yesterday.
� Did she?
You haven�t seen Brenda, have you?
� No, I haven�t.
You didn�t see Brenda yesterday, did you?
� No, I didn�t.
Candace hasn�t come back yet, has she?
� No, she hasn�t.
Candace didn�t come back yesterday,
did she?
� No, she didn�t.
Finally, notice another use of do as an AUXILIARY � the policeman in Dialogue 2 says:
Do feel free to use my phone
He puts Do before the COMMAND FORM (which is the same as the BASE-FORM � Language point 17) to change it from a command to a friendly invitation. Here are some more examples:
Do sit down!
Do have a cup of tea!
Do remember to write!
Decide whether to use the past simple or present perfect from the brackets.
1 Come and look, everyone � Henry (fell/�s fallen) in the water!
2 The manager (went/�s gone) out an hour ago.
3 (Did you see/Have you seen) that new film yet?
4 It�s getting late � (did you finish/have you finished) your drink?
5 Dave (phoned/�s phoned) yesterday.
6 (Did you see/Have you seen) that French film on TV last week?
7 I (invited/�ve invited) Fiona round � she�ll be here in a few minutes.
8 Where (did my passport go/�s my passport gone)? It was here just now!
147
9 It�s very quiet next door � (did they turn/have they turned) the TV off at last?
10 (Have you spoken/Did you speak) French on your holiday to France?
Language point 56 � past simple: �be�
and �have�
The verb have is easy in the past simple: had /hd/; and questions and answers are done in the usual way:
+
I had an apple
?
Did I have an apple?
�
I didn�t have an apple
But be is unusual � first of all, it has
/wɔz/ and were /wr/:
I was
you were
he/she was
we were
they were
But it�s
+
Leasa was in the shop
?
Was Leasa in the shop?
�
Leasa wasn�t in the shop
We
You will notice, as you get more familiar with colloquial English, that be and have are much more frequently used in the past simple than in the present perfect. The same is true for some other common verbs, for example said /s�d/ (past simple of say) and thought /�ɔt/ (past simple of think).
148
Turn these sentences into statement, question or negative as indicated.
1
Fred wasn�t at home.
[?]
Was Fred at home?
2
I didn�t have breakfast today.
[+]
_________________
3
You were late for the meeting.
[?]
_________________
4
Was James ready?
[�]
_________________
5
Did they have any money?
[�]
_________________
6
The children weren�t happy.
[+]
_________________
7
Was Fiona in town today?
[+]
_________________
8
My brother had the money.
[�]
_________________
Dialogue 4
JENNY:
Guess who I saw in town today!
CANDACE:
Who?
JENNY:
Johnny Depp!
CANDACE:
You�re joking!
JENNY:
No, I really did see him. I was walking down the High Street and all of a sudden I saw Johnny!
CANDACE:
What was he doing?
JENNY:
He was sitting in a café reading a newspaper. I saw him through the window.
CANDACE:
So what did you do?
JENNY:
What do you think I did? I knew it was him, so I walked straight in and asked him for his autograph.
CANDACE:
And did he give you it?
JENNY:
Yes, and while he was signing my T-shirt I invited him round for coffee this afternoon.
CANDACE:
What? Johnny Depp is coming round for coffee?
JENNY:
Of course not, silly. He�s far too busy filming.
CANDACE:
What a relief � I don�t have to tidy the house.
JENNY:
Oh yes you do � Brad Pitt was with him in the café, and he�s finished filming for the day.
CANDACE:
What!!?
JENNY:
Better get tidying, Candace. We�re expecting him at eleven.
149
Idioms
� We use guess to ask the other person a question, especially when we think they�ll be surprised at the answer:
Guess who�s coming to the party tonight
Guess what�s in this bag
Guess why I�ve phoned you
� All of a sudden means �suddenly�.
� Better get (tidying) means �It would be a good idea if you started tidying immediately�.
Language point 57 � past continuous
In Language point 21 we saw how the PRESENT CONTINUOUS is made by using the PRESENT of be with the ING-FORM of the verb: He�s sitting in the café
and that this tense is used to describe
In Dialogue 4 Jenny says about Johnny Depp:
He was sitting in a café
She uses the PAST SIMPLE of be + ING-FORM of the verb to describe a
Pete was writing a letter
PAST SIMPLE
Pete wrote a letter
In the first of these, we focus on the
PAST CONTINUOUS
ongoing or continuous action in the past
PAST SIMPLE
completed action in the past
150
So when Jenny says:
I was walking down the High Street and I saw Johnny we can see the continuous action (walking) and the single event (saw).
Be careful! Do you remember that STATE VERBS
used in the present continuous?
I know him
(Look again at Language point 45 if you�re not sure about this.) State verbs
Rewrite these sentences using the past continuous tense. The first one has been done for you.
1 I watched a TV programme.
I was watching a TV programme.
2 Did you work?
____________________________ ?
3 We didn�t watch the film.
____________________________ .
4 Dave didn�t answer his phone today.
____________________________ .
5 Su looked after the children.
____________________________ .
6 Did you speak to the teacher?
____________________________ ?
7 The bus came round the corner.
____________________________ .
8 Did you listen to your new CD?
____________________________ ?
151
9 The kids played in the garden.
____________________________ .
10 Henry didn�t do his work.
____________________________ .
Write the verbs in these sentences in the correct tenses. Be careful
� some verbs will need to go in the past simple, and some will need to go in the past continuous. The first one has been done for you.
1
I (walk) down the road when I (meet) Brenda.
was walking
met
2
I (take) a photo when a bird (land) on me!
3
Stuart (break) his leg when he (play) football.
4
An apple (fall) on Nigel when he (stand) under a tree.
5
Justine (see) me as I (queue) for tickets.
6
Jenny (do) the washing-up when she (drop) a cup.
7
Sandra (cut) her finger when she (cut) the bread.
8
I (look) at the moon when I (see) a shooting star.
Dialogue 5
KEVIN:
Have you moved house yet?
GEOFF:
No, we haven�t moved yet, but it won�t be long. We�ve already signed all the documents, but we�re still waiting for the bank to clear the money. Anyway, what about you? Are you still living in the flat over the curry house?
KEVIN:
Yes, but not for much longer.
GEOFF:
Really? How come?
KEVIN:
I�ve just bought a house by the beach.
GEOFF:
Why haven�t you moved in yet, then?
KEVIN:
It�s not ready. I�ve started decorating it, but it still needs quite a bit of work before I can move in.
GEOFF:
Have you ever decorated a house before?
KEVIN:
Never. But I�m already getting the hang of it.
GEOFF:
When you�ve finished, you can come and do ours!
152
Idiom
� quite a bit of means �a lot of�
� How come? means �Why?� or �What�s the reason for that?�
� I�m getting the hang of it means �I�m slowly learning how to do it�
Language point 58 � time words
Some �time words� are often found with particular tenses. For example, while (= �during the time that . . .�) is very common with the PAST CONTINUOUS:
While I was sitting in the café, a friend walked by And we often use it with the PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
Why don�t you have a cup of tea while you�re waiting?
Still often appears with the PRESENT CONTINUOUS: I�m still waiting for a letter from her
or with the PRESENT SIMPLE:
I still see Fiona every month at the judo club
Just, yet, already and ever are often used with the PRESENT PERFECT: James has just sold his house
Have you phoned your brother yet?
I�ve already paid for the tickets
Have you ever visited the National Gallery in London?
The
�
just, already and ever come before the past participle
�
still comes before the ing-form, or before the present simple
�
yet usually comes at the end of the sentence
�
already comes before the past participle or the ing-form.
153
Pick the correct sentence from each pair.
1
a I�m still looking for a new job.
b I still look for a new job.
2
a Did you already pay for the tickets?
b Have you already paid for the tickets?
3
a We still wait for a bus.
b We�re still waiting for a bus.
4
a I sat on the bus when I was seeing Kath.
b I was sitting on the bus when I saw Kath.
5
a Were they already ordering the food?
b Have they already ordered the food?
6
a Has your brother phoned you back yet?
b Did your brother phone you back yet?
Put the time words in their correct place in the sentences.
1 We�ve seen Brenda in the coffee shop.
(just)
2 I�m working in the local supermarket.
(still)
3 Rosemary has worked in the supermarket.
(never)
4 Have you finished your homework?
(yet)
5 The students have passed their exams.
(already)
6 I want to visit the museum.
(still)
7 Do you go to the opera?
(ever)
8 Have you been to New Zealand?
(ever)
9 Is your sister back from university?
(yet)
10 I�ve explained that to you.
(already)
Follow the instructions for this exercise on the audio.
154
Phrasal verbs
bring along � if you ask someone to bring something along, it means that you want them to bring it
drop by � �visit at home�; if you want to invite someone to call on you at home next week, you can say Why don�t you drop by next week?
hand in � if we find someone�s wallet in the street and we take it to the police station, we call this handing something in.
invite round � �invite to your home�.
pick up � �collect�. We use this phrasal verb for both things and people �
We can pick up the food on the way back; Can you pick me up fromthe station?
10 Which do you
prefer?
In this unit you will learn how to:
� compare things
� express preferences
� compare and contrast what people do
� use adverbs of degree
Dialogue 1
STUART:
Which do you prefer � Indian or Chinese food?
ROSEMARY:
Well, I really like both.
[
I suppose I prefer Chinese when it�s a takeaway, but I�d rather have Indian when I go out. What about you?
STUART:
Indian is my favourite. And I don�t like Italian food at all.
ROSEMARY:
Neither do I.
Dialogue 2
HANNAH:
What do you think of this jumper?
NATALIE:
You can�t afford that � it�s �60!
156
HANNAH:
I know. But what do you think of it?
NATALIE:
I prefer the red one.
HANNAH:
You�re just saying that because it�s cheaper.
NATALIE:
No I�m not! I really think it�s better.
HANNAH:
That�s fine, then � you buy the cheap one, and I�ll buy the nice one.
Idioms
� We use I suppose to show that we are not quite certain about the statement we�re going to make. I suppose I prefer Chinese food means �I
See also Language point 89.
� at all after a NEGATIVE verb means �completely� � I don�t likeItalian food at all means �I
� favourite means �(the one) I like
or as an ADJECTIVE:
Curry is my favourite food
� can�t afford means �haven�t got enough money for . . .�
157
Language point 59 � comparatives and
superlatives
When we compare two things we can use the COMPARATIVE form of the ADJECTIVE. Here are some examples:
cheap
These shoes are cheaper than those
heavy
Steel is heavier than aluminium
comfortable
My new armchair is more comfortable than
my old one
good
I think brown bread is better than white
There are
with
� When the adjective ends in -e, we add -r: fine
→ finer
blue
→ bluer
� When the adjective ends in a single vowel + single consonant, we
big
→ bigger
hot
→ hotter
� When the adjective ends in CONSONANT + y, we
happier
heavy →
heavier
158
2
with
comfortable
→
more comfortable
expensive
→
more expensive
Notice that you
comfortable →
more comfortable
cheap
→ cheaper
There are also some IRREGULAR comparatives that you simply have to learn:
good
→
better
bad
→
worse /ws/
We use than /ðn/ , WEAK FORM /ðən/, between the comparative and the second thing compared:
London is bigger than Paris
James is taller than Ben
And when we compare
� change -er to -est:
cheaper → cheapest
hotter → hottest
heavier → heaviest
� change more to most: more comfortable → most comfortablemore expensive → most expensive
� irregular:
better → best
worse → worst /wst/
Unlike the comparative, the superlative is
The white shirt is the cheapest (of them all)
159
Complete these sentences using the correct adjective from the box.
Remember to use the correct comparative form.
1 Leasa�s ______ than Justine.
2 A sofa�s ______ than a wooden chair.
3 Gold is ______ than silver.
4 This suitcase feels ______ than that one.
5 My car�s ______ than yours.
6 This film�s much ________ than the one last night.
7 Australia�s ______ than New Zealand.
8 A trip from the UK to New Zealand�s ______ than one to France.
9 Wolves are ______ than hamsters.
10 Swords are ______ than hammers.
interesting
intelligent
tall
expensive
fast
sharp
heavyvaluable
comfortable
big
Complete the sentences using the correct comparative form. Use a dictionary if you need to. The first one is done for you.
1 This bag is too heavy. Can I have a lighter one?
2 These toys are expensive now, but they�ll be _______ after Christmas.
3 The exam was very easy. I was expecting it to be ______ .
4 Could you put some more sugar in this? I prefer _______
tea.
5 What a boring programme. I though it was going to be _______ .
6 We arrived late. We should have taken an ________
train.
7 This coat is too big for me � have you got a _____ one?
8 This CD�s far too noisy � put on a ________ one, will you?
9 Henry�s room is a real mess, but Tom�s is much _______ .
10 This road�s very narrow � I though it was _______, didn�t you?
160
Language point 60 � �which�
We use which /w/ to ask about a
� it can be a PRONOUN:
Which do you prefer?
(= �Which one . . .?�)
or an ADJECTIVE with a noun:
Which shirt do you prefer?
It�s often used with verbs of
Which would you like?
Which would you prefer?
Which ones do you like best?
And sometimes we use which with a following to-form of a verb: I don�t know which one to choose
I�m not sure which to have
We need to decide which CD to buy for Stuart
Dialogue 3
SU:
I can�t decide which of these two mobiles to have.
JENNY:
Well, you could have either. Which one do you like more?
SU:
Hmmm . . . well, this blue one is nicer, but it�s more expensive.
JENNY:
And what about the black one?
SU:
The black one�s cheaper, but it�s more basic.
[
JENNY:
And heavier.
SU:
Yes. And it�s less elegant as well, don�t you think?
JENNY:
Looks like you
SU:
Yes � I think I�ll be a lot happier with the blue one.
Actually, I don�t really like the black one.
JENNY:
I don�t either.
161
Language point 61 � �either�
When Su is trying to decide between two mobile phones, and Jenny says:
You could have either
she means that it doesn�t matter which one Su has � she could have the blue one
Either /`ɑiðər/ or /ìðər/ is rather like a statement equivalent of the question word which:
Which would you like?
� I�ll have either
Be careful! We can only use either when we are talking about
There are three mobile phones here � you can haveany (one) of them.
We also use either in a completely different way at the
I don�t really like the black one
and Jenny replies:
I don�t either
She means: �Su doesn�t like it, and she also doesn�t like it�.
Here are some more examples:
Fred doesn�t speak Russian, and Charlie doesn�t eitherWe don�t buy a Sunday paper, and our neighbours don�t eitherI�m not working tomorrow, and my wife isn�t eitherCandace isn�t coming to the meeting. � No, and I�m not either!
162
In this meaning either in negative sentences corresponds to as well or so in statements:
+
Diane reads Latin poetry, and Gary does as well
+
Diane reads Latin poetry, and so does Gary
�
Diane doesn�t read junk mail, and Gary doesn�t either.
Look at the information in the box about what languages Jack speaks, and what languages Jill speaks. Then say who speaks what, using (not) either, and, but, so and as well � the first two have been done for you.
1 Jack doesn�t speak Italian, and Jill doesn�t either.
2 Jack doesn�t speak Chinese but Jill does.
3 Jack ____________ Swedish ___ Jill _____________ .
4 Jack ____________ German ___ Jill _____________ .
5 Jack ____________ Arabic ___ Jill _____________ .
6 Jack ____________ Welsh ___ Jill _____________ .
7 Jack ____________ Klingon ___ Jill _____________ .
8 Jack ____________ French ___ Jill _____________ .
9 Jack ____________ Hindi ___ Jill _____________ .
10 Jack ____________ Spanish ___ Jill _____________ .
French
yes
yes
German
no
yes
Spanish
yes
no
Italian
no
no
Swedish
yes
yes
Chinese
no
yes
Arabic
no
no
Hindi
no
yes
Welsh
yes
yes
Klingon
no
no
163
Dialogue 4
HELEN:
Can I change this top? It was too small for me. Here�s the receipt.
ASSISTANT:
Unfortunately the next size up is sold out. Would you like your money back or would you prefer to choose something else?
HELEN:
Have you got any other tops in a bigger size?
ASSISTANT:
Certainly. Try some of these.
[
HELEN:
These are all quite nice. Which one do you think looks best?
ASSISTANT:
That green one really suits you.
HELEN:
Better than the blue one?
ASSISTANT:
Oh yes, very nice � green is definitely your colour!
HELEN:
Are you quite sure?
ASSISTANT:
Of course I am! Look in the mirror!
HELEN:
OK � I�ll take the green one. How much is it?
ASSISTANT:
It�s the same as the one you brought back.
HELEN:
Perfect!
Language point 62 � �quite�, �very�
and �too�
When we use adjectives to describe things, there are special words we can put
too
hot
highest degree
very
hot
This tea is
hot
quite
hot
not very
hot
not
hot
lowest degree
164
Be careful! We
quite and too:
This shirt is small
� it�s a small shirt
This shirt is very small
� it�s a very small shirt
This shirt is quite small
� �it�s a quite small shirt�
(but we
� �it�s a too small shirt�
Quite has two
she means that they are �medium-nice� � not
she means �Are you completely sure?�.
quite
=
[medium degree]
quite
=
completely
But not quite
The food isn�t quite ready
I�m not quite convinced that this is the right thing to do You will come across other DEGREE WORDs in colloquial English.
Here they are in approximate order:
High degree:
completely
quite
absolutely
(= completely)
extremely
really
awfully
terribly
very
Medium degree:
pretty
quite
fairly
165
Medium to low
rather (usually with bad or
degree:
negative meanings)
Low degree:
not very
a bit
slightly
Here are some examples of these:
This book is really boring
John�s absolutely certain he left his wallet on the tableI�m fairly sure that�s our bus
This film is pretty good, isn�t it?
� Yes, it�s quite entertaining
This house is rather ugly
This food�s not very nice, is it?
My watch is slightly slow
I felt a bit sick on the way home after the party
In Jim & Kate�s Coffee Shop they only sell one type of coffee, but at different temperatures. Can you put them in order, starting with the
Froth Fantasy
quite hot
Coffee Crikey
very hot
Bean Bonanza
not very hot
Radical Roast
extremely hot
Gorgeous Grind
not hot at all
Percolator II
too hot
Cafetiere Combo
rather hot
Steam Surprise
terribly hot
166
Language point 63 � �some� and �one�
Some (and any) can be used with both UNCOUNTABLE nouns and PLURAL COUNTABLE nouns � review Language point 23 in Unit 4 if you need to remind yourself of these.
UNCOUNTABLE
Have you got any money?
� Yes, I think I�ve got some in my pocket
PLURAL COUNTABLE
Have you got any pens?
� Yes, I think I�ve got some in my desk
You can see from these examples that we can use them to avoid repeating a noun that has already been mentioned. More examples: UNCOUNTABLE
We�ve run out of milk!
� It�s OK, I�ll get some when I�m out
PLURAL COUNTABLE
Will we need sandwiches?
� Yes, I�ll bring some tomorrow
UNCOUNTABLE
Do you like Christmas pudding?
� I don�t know. I�d better try some
PLURAL COUNTABLE
I can�t find any biscuits
� I think there are some in the cupboard
With SINGULAR COUNTABLE nouns we use one, not some: I want a biscuit!
� I think there�s one in the cupboard
Would you like a
sandwich?
� Yes, have you got one?
And we also use one with ADJECTIVES to take the place of a noun.
Helen and the shop assistant are talking about tops; the assistant says:
That green one really suits you
and Helen asks:
Better than the blue one?
When we use a, the, this, that, these or those + ADJECTIVE but
167
this blue shirt
this blue one
a green shirt
a green one
blue shirts
blue ones
these red shirts
these red ones
Be careful! We use ones,
those red ones
But we
Answer these questions using the adjectives given. You�ll have to decide whether to use one or ones. You may also need to add the.
1
Do you want the red tie or the blue tie?
I want the blue one.
(blue)
2
Which knife shall we use for this?
Let�s ____________ .
(long)
3
Which bananas would you like?
_________________ .
(ripe)
4
Which car is yours?
_________________ .
(big red)
5
Shall I wear the brown shoes or the black shoes?
Why don�t you_________________ ?
(black)
6
What size drink would you like with your meal?
_________________ .
(large)
7
What kind of lenses have you got?
_________________ .
(plastic)
8
Do you want a hot drink or a cold drink?
_________________ .
(hot)
168
Complete this conversation between Keith and Carl with one or ones.
CARL:
Hello, Keith. I like your motorbike. I�d like to get (1) _____ like that myself.
KEITH:
That�s not all � I�ve got another (2) ____ in the garage.
Do you like my boots?
CARL:
Well, I think leather (3) ____ suit you better, like the (4) ____ I�m wearing.
KEITH:
Where did you buy them?
CARL:
In a shop on the High Street � the (5) ____ next to the music shop.
KEITH:
Oh, I know. It�s called �Boots & Suits�.
CARL:
No, that�s the wrong (6) ____ . That (7) ____ is further down the road. The (8) ____ I mean is called �Neat Feet�.
Dialogue 5
VICKI:
Come one, Leasa � we can get a bus at the end of the road.
LEASA:
A bus? Look at the time, Vicki!!
VICKI:
[
Midnight � what�s the big deal?
LEASA:
We�ll never get a bus at this time of night. We�d be better off phoning for a taxi.
VICKI:
A taxi? That�ll cost a small fortune � don�t you remember where we live?
LEASA:
Listen Vicki, we can split the fare and at least we�ll get home in one piece. Now phone, will you?
VICKI:
All right, all right . . .
[
. . . I didn�t feel like waiting for a bus anyway.
169
Idiom
� What�s the big deal? means �Don�t get so worried about something that isn�t important�
� cost a small fortune means �cost a lot of money�
� split means �share the cost of . . .�
� in one piece means �safe� or �unharmed�
Language point 64 � more phrases
with �-ing�
In Dialogue 5 Leasa says:
We�d be better off phoning for a taxi
I
you
he/she
�d be better off
+
-ing
we
they
This is a common way in colloquial English of saying me
you
It�s better for
him/her
to
(do something)
us
them
More examples:
Julie�d be better off staying with us tonight
I�d be better off paying for this by credit cardYou�d be better off going to Brighton by train today �
the roads will be bad
170
And Vicki uses another -ing phrase when she says: I didn�t feel like waiting for a bus
doesn�t/don�t
feel like
+
-ing
didn�t
is a colloquial way of saying that someone doesn�t
I don�t feel like watching TV tonight � there�s nothing good onHenry doesn�t feel like coming out with us this eveningGerry didn�t feel like cleaning the car this weekend And you can use the question form:
Do you feel like
+
-ing?
to ask someone if they
=
Would you like to go to the cinema this evening?
Answer the questions using better off. The first one has been done for you.
1 Will James go by train?
He�d be better off going by car.
(car)
2 Will Anna come today?
__________________________ .
(tomorrow)
3 Will Fiona do the work one her own?
_____________________________ .
(with Suzie)
4 Are Andy and Bob drinking whisky again?
_____________________________ .
(mineral water)
5 Shall we phone them?
___________________________ .
(write a letter)
171
6 Will your sister sit next to Henry?
___________________________ .
(Gerry)
7 Will Jenny do the cooking tonight?
___________________________ .
(eat out)
8 Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
___________________________ .
(watch TV)
9 Shall I shut the door?
___________________________ .
(window)
10 Shall we visit Dave and Rhoda today?
__________________________ .
(tomorrow)
Rewrite the sentences using feel like � the first one has been done for you.
1
Would you like to come out with us tonight?
Do you feel like coming out with us tonight?
2
Would you like to see a film in town?
_____________________________ ?
3
Would you like to fly to the South of France for the weekend?
_________________________________________________ ?
4
Would you like to invite some friends round?
___________________________________ ?
5
Would you like to run in the London Marathon this year?
___________________________________________ ?
6
Would you like to lend me ten pounds?
_______________________________ ?
7
Would you like to order us a pizza?
____________________________ ?
8
Would you like to hire a rowing boat for the afternoon?
___________________________________________ ?
Follow the instructions on the audio to do this exercise.
172
Dialogue 6
HELEN:
You look cold!
JUSTINE:
I�m freezing!
HELEN:
Haven�t you got a coat?
JUSTINE:
No, I didn�t plan on needing one. I came in the car, but it broke down halfway here. And it�s colder than I expected.
HELEN:
[
And you�d better sit down in front of the fire and warm up.
JUSTINE:
Thanks, Helen.
HELEN:
Can I get you anything else?
JUSTINE:
I could do with a hot drink.
HELEN:
Coming right up!
Idioms
�
I could do with means �I need�
�
Coming right up! means �I�ll bring it straight away�
Phrasal verbs
break down � �stop working� (machines). We use this phrasal verb when things stop working unexpectedly for some reason.
pick up � �lift with your hand or hands�; when we use our hands to lift something from the floor or the table, we say that we�re picking it up.
put on � we use this when talking about clothes; if you want to wear something, you first have to put it on. When you want to
sit down � �move from a standing position to a sitting position�. The opposite is stand up.
warm up � when we say that we want to warm up, we mean that we want to get warmer.
173
Life and living � television
In this unit we�ve been talking about preferences and choices, and you�ll certainly have plenty of choices to make if you turn the TV on in the UK. To begin with, there are five main terrestrial channels: BBC1, BBC2, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. The BBC
(British Broadcasting Corporation) is a government-funded broad-casting agency, paid for through taxes � every household that uses a television (even if they never watch the BBC!) has to pay for a TV licence every year (it costs about �120). Because they�re funded in this way, the BBC channels don�t need to carry adverts (or commercials) during and between programmes (though they
and Channel 4
These days there are also many additional channels available viasatellite and cable � you can subscribe to a service, and for a monthly fee you can have a dish fitted to your house so that you can pick up a wide range of channels, not only in English but in many other languages as well.
You can buy TV guides every week, which list all the programmes on all terrestrial and main satellite channels. The weekend newspapers also publish their own guides for the week. But if you want to
�change channels�) or even �turn off� (
terrestrial � transmitted by television masts rather than satellite fund (something) � provide the money to pay (for something) agency � organisation
174
taxes � money we pay to the state for the government to use household � group of people sharing a home
licence � a piece of paper you have to buy from the government to be allowed to do something
adverts � short films designed to encourage you to buy things commercial breaks � interruptions during and between programmes to show adverts
finance � fund
distinct � visibly or noticeably different from each other viewers � people who watch television
similar � looking almost the same as each other, having almost the same appearance
increasingly � more and more
in competition with � trying to be or do better than additional � extra, more
via � through
satellite � machine that orbits the earth and relays TV and radio signals cable � an underground electronic bundle of wires that feeds television signals into homes
subscribe � pay a regular amount of money to have a continual service fee � the payment you make to subscribe to a service dish � piece of equipment to receive satellite signals pick up � receive (television and radio signals) range � selection, choice
scheduled � planned to be shown, set down in the TV guide remote � device for controlling your television at a distance, so you don�t have to get out of your chair to change channels
station � channel (but we say channel for TV and station for radio) exercise � physical activity to keep yourself fit
11 I�ll see you at
half past five!
In this unit you will learn how to:
� make arrangements with people
� tell the time
� use other time expressions
� buy tickets for public transport
� use prepositions in wh-questions
Dialogue 1
ADRIAN:
Could I have a return ticket to Glasgow for tomorrow?
CLERK:
Certainly. Where are you travelling from?
ADRIAN:
From Brighton.
CLERK:
And when do you want to arrive?
ADRIAN:
I�ve got a meeting at twelve. Will the seven o�clock train get me there in time?
CLERK:
Yes, but unfortunately you�ve left it too late � there are no seats left on that train. I can book you onto the nine-thirty, but you�ll be late for your meeting.
ADRIAN:
I can�t miss the meeting. What about the sleeper train tonight?
CLERK:
Hold on � I�ll check to see if there are any seats left.
[
Yes, you�re in luck. There are a few left. Shall I make the reservation?
176
ADRIAN:
Yes please. What time does it leave this evening?
CLERK:
Eight o�clock. And you�ll be in Glasgow by seven o�clock tomorrow morning.
ADRIAN:
That�ll give me bags of time to get to the meeting, won�t it? It
CLERK:
Yes � and make sure you get here by eight this evening . . . all our trains
Idioms
� in time means �before the latest time possible�
� on time means �at the scheduled time� or �punctually�
� bags of time means �a lot of time� or �plenty of time�
Language point 65 � telling the time
Telling the time is easy in English. We�ve seen the numbers in Unit 4 � here are the other words you will need:
o�clock
/ə`klɔk/
it�s
past
just coming up to
to
just gone
half
/hɑf /
exactly
a quarter
/ə`kwɔtə/
at
at about
by
To tell someone what the time is, we use it�s . . . : What time is it?
� It�s ten o�clock
To say
To give the
(perhaps earlier)
177
When we are not sure of the
Now let�s have a look at the clock:
o�clock
five to
five past
12
11
1
ten to
ten past
10
2
a quarter to
9
3
a quarter past
8
4
twenty to
twenty past
7
5
6
twenty-five to
twenty-five past
half past
Notice that:
� we say a quarter, but half (
� we usually say ten past (etc.),
� we
� in colloquial English we often say just ten instead of ten o�clock: I�ll meet you at ten
� in colloquial English we often say half ten instead of half past tenI�ll meet you at half ten
half ten and half past ten
� we have special words for 12.00 at night (midnight) and 12.00 in the day (midday or noon).
178
We use just gone and just coming up to to deal with times
just gone
=
a short time after
just coming up to
=
a short time before
So:
10.16
it�s just gone a quarter past ten
10.19
it�s just coming up to twenty past ten
For very precise times, such as railway timetables and schedules, we use the 24-hour clock, giving two numbers:
10.56
ten fifty-six
13.12
thirteen twelve
Notice:
12.00
twelve hundred
12.07
twelve oh seven
Be careful! The 24-hour clock is common in official uses of
English where precise times are important, but it is
I�ll see you at a quarter past five
�I�ll see you at seventeen fifteen�
Give the 12-hour clock equivalents for these 24-hour clock times �
the first one has been done for you.
1 1316
It�s just gone a
6
1754
quarter past one.
2 1544
7 1602
3 0940
8 1435
4 2359
9 2226
5 0710
10 0330
179
Write the times shown on the clock faces in the normal 12-hour system.
1
It�s ______________________________
2
It�s ______________________________
3
It�s ______________________________
4
It�s ______________________________
5
It�s ______________________________
6
It�s ______________________________
Dialogue 2
CANDACE:
What are you looking for, Jenny?
JENNY:
My money, of course. Oh God, I can�t find it!
CANDACE:
What are you worrying about? We don�t need to pay
for tickets here � it�s free!
[
JENNY:
So it is! Great � we can look at loads of wonderful paintings for nothing!
180
Idioms
� When something is free you
� Great! means �Wonderful!� or �That�s good!�.
� loads of means �a lot of � (COUNTABLE nouns); for UNCOUNTABLE
nouns we use a load of.
Language point 66 � �where . . . from?�,
�where . . . to?�
In Dialogue 1 the assistant asks Adrian:
Where are you travelling from?
And in Dialogue 2 Candace asks Jenny:
What are you looking for?
and
What are you worrying about?
These are sentences that contain a PREPOSITION used with a WH-WORD.
In colloquial English we do
�From where are you travelling?�
�For what are you looking?�
�About what are you worrying?�
We move the preposition to the
�To who were you talking?�
What shall I pay for this with?
�With what shall I pay for this?�
What is she looking at?
�At what is she looking?�
181
When shall I get these to you by?
�By when shall I get these to you?�
Be careful! You may see prepositions in front of wh-words at
the start of sentences in formal written English, but you
Remember that it is CORRECT to
Aunt Aggie is rather deaf � every time you tell her something, she misses part of the information and asks a question. Write out her questions � the first one has been done for you.
1 YOU:
Gerry�s looking for a new house.
AUNT AGGIE:
What is Gerry looking for?
2 YOU:
I�m writing a letter to Liz.
AUNT AGGIE:
Wh_______________________ ?
3 YOU:
The cat�s looking at some birds in the garden.
AUNT AGGIE:
Wh_________________________ ?
4 YOU:
Suzie�s worried about her exams.
AUNT AGGIE:
Wh_________________________ ?
5 YOU:
I�m going to the party with Hannah.
AUNT AGGIE:
Wh_________________________ ?
6 YOU:
Stuart plays football for England.
AUNT AGGIE:
Wh______________________ ?
7 YOU:
Miranda works for a film company.
AUNT AGGIE:
Wh______________________ ?
8 YOU:
Otto comes from Austria.
AUNT AGGIE:
Wh_________________ ?
9 YOU:
Terry and June live next door to the
Simpsons.
AUNT AGGIE:
Wh____________________ ?
10 YOU:
I�ve got to be home by ten.
AUNT AGGIE:
Wh_____________________ ?
182
Dialogue 3
GERRY:
Hello Sophie � who are you waiting for?
SOPHIE:
Leasa. We were meant to meet up here at one, but I got here late. I�ve been waiting for about half an hour, but I�m wondering if I�ve missed her, or if she just didn�t show up. You haven�t seen her, have you?
GERRY:
Not since yesterday, no.
[
LEASA:
Hi, you two! Sorry I�m so late, Sophie. I�ve been stuck in a traffic jam since a quarter to one. Have you been sitting here for ages?
SOPHIE:
No, it�s all right � I haven�t been here long. I got here late myself, so I�ve only been here about twenty minutes. And I had Gerry here to talk to.
LEASA:
Let me buy us all coffee and some cakes!
Idioms
� on her own means �alone� � we change the middle word according to the person: on my own, on his own, etc.
� we were meant /m�nt/ to means �we had arranged to� or �we had expected to�
� stuck means �unable to move� or �unable to get out/away�
Language point 67 � �for� and �since�
When we talk about the
� since is used with a
� for is used with a
183
Compare what Sophie and Leasa say in Dialogue 3:
SOPHIE:
I�ve been waiting for about half an hour
LEASA:
I�ve been stuck in a traffic jam since
a quarter to one
Half an hour is a
Here are examples of words and phrases used with for: an hour
three minutes
a week
ages (= �a very long time�)
a month
a long time
six years
a short while
And here are the types of words and phrases we find with since: 1953
half past three
last Tuesday
the end of the war
February 14th
Christmas
yesterday
the summer holidays
Since and for are used with the PRESENT PERFECT (Language point 53): John and Fiona have lived here since June 2001
John and Fiona have lived here for three years
or with the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS � this is formed as follows: have/has been
+
-ing
I�ve been waiting here for an hour
I�ve been waiting here since ten o�clock
Suzie�s been working in the garden for three hoursSuzie�s been working in the garden since early this morning Notice that we
�I am waiting here since ten o�clock�
�Suzie works in the garden since early this morning�
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� We always use the PRESENT PERFECT or the PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS with since,
� With for we use the PRESENT PERFECT or PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS,
(a) Dave�s lived in Brighton for three years
(and he still lives there now)
(b) Dave lived in Brighton for three years
(some time in the past � he doesn�t live there now) Sentence (a) uses the present perfect, because it describes a period of time that started in the past but has continued to the present and has
Complete these sentences using for or since.
1 Dave�s lived in Heathfield ____ last July.
2 We haven�t see Gerry ____ at least two years.
3 Justine�s been at the dentist�s ____ ages.
4 My car�s been in the garage ____ a week.
5 These people have been waiting ____ four o�clock 6 This parcel�s been here ____ last week.
7 We�ve been coming here every year ____ 1997.
8 I�ve waited here ____ an hour, and now I�m leaving!
9 This place has changed a lot ____ we were here last.
10 I�ve been learning English ____ a long time.
Choose the correct verb from the brackets for each sentence � the first one has been done for you.
1
We (live/�ve lived) here since December 1999.
2
I (lived/�ve lived) in Italy for three months in 1988.
3
Suzie (�s been learning/�s learnt) French since last year.
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4
How long (have you been working/have you worked) in the garden today?
5
We (haven�t seen/didn�t see) Fiona since yesterday.
6
(Have you been/Are you) waiting here long?
7
I (learn/�ve been learning) English for five years.
8
The kids (are/have been) playing football since ten o�clock.
Dialogue 4
NIELS:
Do you remember when I came over to visit last year?
DAVE:
Of course I do! You arrived in the evening after coming over on the ferry and driving straight here.
When exactly was it?
NIELS:
I think it was in April, wasn�t it? It was definitely some time in spring.
JULIE:
Yes, you�re right. It was Eli�s birthday while you were here, and that�s on the 9th of April, so it was in the Easter holiday.
NIELS:
And then I went upstairs and slept for a bit to recover from the journey . . .
DAVE:
. . . and while you were asleep Julie phoned up Ronnie and Fifi and invited them round . . .
JULIE:
. . . and then an hour later when Ronnie and Fifi turned up I woke you up, and we stayed up with them till the early hours drinking wine.
DAVE:
And we ended up singing rude songs.
NIELS:
JULIE:
Just as well you were � they were
DAVE:
I know � why don�t I ask Ronnie and Fifi round again tonight?
NIELS:
Why not? And this time I�ll try and stay awake!
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Idioms
� for a bit means �for a short period of time�
� till the early hours means �until early in the morning, but while it is still dark�
� just as well means �it was a good thing� or �it was lucky�
Language point 68 � more time
expressions
We met a lot of time expressions in Language point 39, using general words such as day, night and year. We also use months, seasons and festivals to talk about when things happen. Be careful with the different PREPOSITIONS:
in
April
winter
the Christmas holidays
the evening
at
Christmas
the end of April
the weekend
the beginning of (the) winter
(no preposition)
next Christmas
last April
an hour later
this summer
We will look at months, seasons and festivals at the end of this unit.
Fill in the blanks in Henry�s account of past and future holidays, using the words from the box. You can only use each word once.
_____ April we went _____ holiday to the Caribbean. We often go _____ the end _____ the spring because the
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weather�s just right over there _____ that time of the year.
We arrived _____ the airport and _____ hour later we were _____ our villa in the mountains. In the evening we went _____ and had a Caribbean meal. We had a lovely time _____
the sun, and we�re going to go again _____ summer.
Next year we�re going _____ New Zealand, _____ the Christmas holidays. We�ll have to leave _____ the middle _____ the night to get to the airport, and the trip�ll last _____
twenty-four hours. I�m looking forward _____ seeing my relatives _____ Wellington. We�ll probably stay _____ several weeks � I expect we�ll come back to the UK _____ the end of January.
in
next
in
nearlyat
of
an
on
out
at
in
at
for
to
of
in
at
last
in
to
Language point 69 � a-adjectives
We learnt about STATE VERBS in Language point 45 � go back and look at this again if you need to before reading through this Language point.
In English we also have a small number of ADJECTIVES that describe physical and mental STATES. They all have an a- prefix, and are stressed on the second syllable:
asleep
/ə`slip/
aware
/ə`w�ər/
awake
/ə`w�ik/
alive
/ə`lɑv/
afraid
/ə`fr�id/
alike
/ə`lɑik/
alone
/ə`lə�n/
ashamed
/ə`ʃ�imd/
Here�s what they mean:
be asleep
=
be sleeping
be awake
=
not be sleeping
be afraid (of something)
=
fear something; feel fear
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be alone
=
be on your own; not be with
anyone
be aware (of something)
=
know about something; sense
something
be alive
=
be living; not be dead
be alike
=
be similar; look similar;
be the same
be ashamed (of something)
=
feel guilty about something
you�ve done
Here are some examples:
Are you aware of any problems with this car?
I�m alone in the office tomorrow � everyone else is onholiday.
James is afraid of spiders.
Queen Victoria was still alive in 1900.
These two girls are very alike, aren�t they?
� Yes, they�re sisters.
Be careful! Most adjectives can be used
The shirt is blue The blue shirt
but you
but
The girl is afraid
but
I feel rather alone
but
Put the correct a-adjective in each sentence.
1
Leasa�s very quiet upstairs � is she ______ ?
2
Dave won�t go bungee-jumping � he�s ______ of heights.
3
We need water to keep us ______ .
4
Other people disturb me, so I prefer working ______ .
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5
I couldn�t see in the dark, but I was ______ of someone else in the room.
6
This film is so boring, I can�t stay ______!
7
Twins that are exactly ______ are called identical twins.
8
The burglar was _______ of his crimes.
Dialogue 5
HENRY:
What are you planning to do after you finish university, Suzie?
SUZIE:
I�m taking a year out to travel, and when I come back I�m going to look for a job in advertising.
HENRY:
Don�t you think you should sort out a job before you go abroad?
SUZIE:
No � when I�m enjoying myself travelling round the world I don�t want to be thinking about work! I�ll find something easily enough when I get back.
Language point 70 � �when�, �after�,
�before� + present
We�ve seen the PRESENT used in English to refer to the FUTURE � in Language point 41 we saw the PRESENT CONTINUOUS used in this way: We�re going to Ibiza next month
and in Language point 48 we saw the PRESENT SIMPLE after Whatif . . . ? :
What if the bus arrives late?
In Dialogue 5 we can see the present simple again used to express the future, after the time words when, after and before: after you finish university
when I come back
before you go abroad
190
Notice that you
�after you�ll finish university�
�after you�re finishing university�
But you
when I�m enjoying myself
when you are making a GENERAL STATEMENT and
� she doesn�t like thinking about work when she�s enjoying herself
� and is
Choose between when and before to complete the sentences.
1
Don�t forget to phone us _____ you get home.
2
I�ll have a word with Henry ____ I see him.
3
Hide Ann�s birthday present ____ she comes in!
4
Do you think Dave�ll be surprised _____ he sees us?
5
We�ll need to show our passports _____ we fly.
6
It�ll be quieter in the town centre ____ the shops shut.
7
Gerry�ll show us his holiday photos ____ he gets back.
8
We�ve got to buy some milk ____ the shops shut!
Listen to the audio and match the times and places to the people.
ADRIAN
7.30
pub
SAMANTHA
____
____
SU AND SHAMIRA
____
____
STUART
____
____
HELEN
____
____
GERRY
____
____
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cinema
7.00
pub
7.45
football match
6.30
vegan restaurant
7.30
Indian restaurant
6.45
theatre
7.15
Phrasal verbs
ask round � �invite to your home�.
come over � we say, for example, When are you coming over? if we want to know when someone is arriving at our home for a visit � it can be from far away, or from next door. In the same way, Come overtomorrow means �Come and visit us at home tomorrow�.
end up � in Unit 5 we saw that we can use this phrasal verb to talk about the last in a series of visits to
show up � �arrive, appear�.
sort out � �arrange�.
turn up � �arrive, appear� (same as show up).
wake up � �stop sleeping�; �wake from sleep�.
Life and living � holidays
If you�re going on holiday, you need to be able to say when you�re going. Here are the names of the months in English, with the number of days each one has:
January (31)
July (31)
February (28 or 29)
August (31)
March (31)
September (30)
April (30)
October (31)
May (31)
November (30)
June (30)
December (31)
February usually has 28 days, but has an extra day every fourth year, which we call a leap year.
We say in January but on January the third (or on the third ofJanuary).
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And here are the names of the four seasons that we have in Britain:
spring
autumn /`ɔtəm/
summer
winter
We say in spring or in the spring, and we say last spring, this spring, next spring and during the spring.
Holiday /`hɔld�i/ means �a time when we don�t work�, but there are different kinds of holiday.
Many people have a holiday every year (or more than once a year if they can afford it) when they go away from home for a period of perhaps one to three weeks, usually in the summer. You can ask someone:
Where are you going on holiday this year?
Where are you going on/for your holidays this year?
We say on holiday, but we say either on your holidays or for yourholidays.
The schools in Britain have three sets of holidays: the Christmas holidays
(late December to early January)
the Easter holidays
(late March or early April)
the summer holidays
(late July to early September)
These are periods when the schools close. Of these, the summer holidays are the longest, with schoolchildren having about six weeks off. Sometimes they will have single days off during term-time � we call these days off rather than holidays.
We also have bank holidays in Britain � these are one-day holidays (usually a Monday) when banks and government departments don�t open and certain services either don�t operate or operate at a reduced level. Small shops often don�t open either on bank holidays, but large supermarkets and department stores usually do nowadays.
afford � have enough money to buy
off � away from work or school
term � each of the three periods in the year when the schools are open and schoolchildren must attend
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government departments � offices run by the government rather than by private companies
services � trains, buses, rubbish collection � things we pay for with our taxes
operate � work, function
reduced � lower
supermarket � large shop selling all kinds of food and sometimes other things as well
department store � a very large shop, often on many floors, that sells all kinds of things, including clothes, kitchen equipment, food, toys
12 You can�t be
serious!
In this unit you will learn how to:
� talk about what you and others have to do
� say that you�re not sure about something
� talk about possibilities and probabilities
� use the TO-FORM after different types of word
Dialogue 1
TIM:
Can we stop at the shop on the way, Tim?
PAUL:
Do we have to? We�ve got to get there by eight, and it�s a quarter to already.
TIM:
I have to get him a present � a bottle of wine or something.
PAUL:
I�ve already bought him a present.
TIM:
Well you must be more organised than me, then, mustn�t you?
Dialogue 2
TIM:
Is that Fiona over there?
PAUL:
It can�t be � she had to go to London this weekend.
TIM:
Well who is it, then?
PAUL:
It might be Suzie � she looks a bit like Fiona at a distance.
TIM:
No � I�ve just seen Suzie in the bar.
195
PAUL:
Well it must be someone else, then, mustn�t it?
TIM:
Shall we go and introduce ourselves?
PAUL:
Can�t do any harm, can it?
Idioms
� a bit like means �quite similar�
� at a distance means �not near�
� (It) can�t do any harm means �Nothing bad will happen if we do it�
Dialogue 3
MIKE:
OK, everyone � I�m off!
PAUL:
Off? You can�t be serious � it�s not even eight o�clock!
MIKE:
I told you earlier � I�m expecting a phone call from my sister in Australia, and she may call tonight.
PAUL:
[
But it must be the middle of the night down there!
MIKE:
No, it�s early morning. She might phone before she goes to work. See you all tomorrow.
PAUL:
See you, Mike.
Idioms
� I�m off means �I�m going now�
Language point 71 � obligation
There are three ways of talking about obligation (when someone
have got to
must
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Here are some examples using all of these:
have to
I
�ve got to
do the shopping
must
has to
Dave
�s got to
work all day tomorrow
must
have to
we
�ve got to
go home now
must
Must is
Notice that, if we use have to, we
Pete has to go now
but if we use have got to we
We�ve got to go now
Pete�s got to go now
Pronunciation
have to is always pronounced /`hftə/
(
has to is always pronounced /`hstə/
(
The past tense of
/`htt�/:
PRESENT
I have to phone my brother later
PRESENT
I�ve got to phone my brother later
PAST
I had to phone my brother yesterday
197
And here�s how we make questions:
PRESENT
You have to phone.
→ Do you have to phone?
He has to phone.
→ Does he have to phone?
You�ve got to phone. →
Have you got to phone?
He�s got to phone.
→ Has he got to phone?
PAST
You had to phone.
→ Did you have to phone?
He had to phone.
→ Did he have to phone?
But notice that at the end of Dialogue 1 Tim
�You have to be more organised than me�
Here, must is correct, and have to/have got to is
Match the two halves of each sentence � the first one has been done for you.
1
The car�s broken down so I�ve
a
have to speak louder.
2
There�s a power cut so we
b
has to wait.
3
The train�s late so everybody
c
got to phone the garage.
4
Dave�s run out of money so he d
have to do it again.
5
We�re late so we
e
got to walk to work.
6
I can�t hear you so you
f
have to use candles.
7
The buses are on strike so I�ve
g
have to hurry up.
8
Their homework is wrong so
h
has to go to the bank.
they
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Change the statements into questions, and vice versa. The first one has been done for you.
1 Dave�s got to go now.
Has Dave got to go now?
2 We had to show our passports.
____________________ ?
3 I�ve got to sign the form.
____________________ ?
4 Do the children have to pay?
____________________ .
5 Did they have to pay by cheque?
____________________
6 Greg had to do the work.
___________________ ?
7 Have Keith and Carl got to play a song?
___________________ .
8 I have to have my picture taken.
___________________ ?
9 We�ve got to leave early.
___________________ ?
10 Did Gerry have to work late?
___________________ .
Language point 72 � possibility and
certainty
We use the AUXILIARIES can, might and must to say how �certain�
(or not) we are of something. In Dialogue 1 Phil says: it can�t be
= it isn�t possible
it might be
= it is possible
it must be
= it is fairly certain
And in Dialogue 2 Paul and Mike use these auxiliaries in longer sentences:
199
You can�t be serious
= �it isn�t possible that you are serious�
She might phone
= �it is possible that she�ll phone�
It must be the middle of the night
= �I�m fairly certain that it�s the middle of the night�
Might /mɑit/ can be used with the BASE-FORM of any verb to show that it is
James might come with us
Your sister might help you with your homework
We might arrive late at the party
And we can add not to show that it�s possible that something
James might not come with us
= �it�s possible that James won�t come�
Your sister might not want to help
We might not be in time
And instead of might we can use may /m�i/ or could /k�d/: James may come with us
We could arrive late
Be careful! We
James can come with us
= �James is able to come with us�
�it�s possible that James will come�
So, for example:
�It�s possible that it�s too late�
It might be too late
It may be too late
It could be too late
�It can be too late�
200
Use can�t, might and must to make these sentences more colloquial
� the first one has been done for you.
1 It isn�t possible that he�s late.
→ He can�t be late
2 It�s possible that James is ill.
→
3 It isn�t possible that you�re right.
→
4 It�s fairly certain that you�re joking!
→
5 It�s possible that it�ll snow tonight.
→
6 It�s fairly certain that they like
Indian food.
→
7 It isn�t possible that this is true.
→
8 It�s possible that Terry will come later.
→
9 It�s possible that the rain will stop soon. →
10 It isn�t possible that Pete thinks that.
→
Correct the following sentences. Be careful � one of them
1
You don�t can be serious!
2
I might to phone Julie after dinner.
3
It musts be very hot in Australia in the summer.
4
We�re having got to do the shopping.
5
Did Adrian got to work late yesterday?
6
Did you had to light the fire yourself?
7
Gerry might call in later on.
8
I�ve get to got some money from the bank.
Dialogue 4
HENRY:
I�m never doing
JANE:
What, dear?
HENRY:
Writing a novel on the computer.
JANE:
Why? What�s wrong?
HENRY:
The bloody thing�s packed up on me!
JANE:
You�re joking! How�s that happened?
HENRY:
The hard drive must have crashed, or something.
JANE:
But you can�t have lost the whole novel!
201
HENRY:
I don�t know. I may be able to retrieve it if I can get the computer up and running again.
JANE:
But you must have kept a back-up, surely?
HENRY:
If only!
Idioms
� bloody /`bld/ is an ADJECTIVE that we use in
this bloody computer
bloody stupid
� up and running means �functioning properly and without problems�
� If only! means �I wish what you just said was true, but it�s not!�
Language point 73 � �must have�
When Henry says in Dialogue 4:
The hard drive must have crashed
he uses must (
202
again at Language point 53 if you want to remind yourself about how to form the past participle.
More examples:
There�s milk on the floor � the cat must have knocked thebottle over
The front door is open � someone must have broken intothe house!
My passport�s not in my bag � I must have left it at thepost office
Gerry�s not at his desk � he must have gone home early But when we want to say what we think
You can�t have lost the whole novel
�You mustn�t have lost the whole novel�
She means �It isn�t possible that you�ve lost the whole novel�.
This fits with what we saw about must be and can�t be in Language point 72 � let�s remind ourselves:
+
It must be ten o�clock
= �I think that it�s ten o�clock�
�
It can�t be ten o�clock
= �I don�t think it�s ten o�clock�
+
He must have gone home = �I think that he�s gone home�
�
He can�t have gone home = �I don�t think that he�s gone home�
Fill in the blanks using must have or can�t have � the first one has been done for you.
1 The front door�s open � I must have left it unlocked!
(leave)
2 Dom and Sarah are very late � the car _______
down.
(break)
3 This kettle doesn�t work � you ________ it up
properly.
(wire)
4 Candace _______ � there�s no message on the
answer machine.
(ring)
203
5 The window�s smashed � someone _______ a brick
through it.
(throw)
6 Jane looks very happy � Henry ______ her the
good news.
(tell)
7 Fred�s looking guilty � he ________ his
homework.
(do)
8 The lights are off in that shop � they _________
early today.
(close)
9 Helen doesn�t look very well � she ________
a cold.
(catch)
10 The students all gave the wrong answer � they
______ the question.
(understand)
Dialogue 5
DAVE:
How do you like my new home cinema system?
PAUL:
Very impressive. Is it easy to use?
DAVE:
Yes, it came with full instructions and it was dead easy to set up.
PAUL:
Was it expensive?
DAVE:
I�ll say! It was the most expensive one in the shop. But I arranged to pay for it over five years.
PAUL:
Are you glad you decided to buy it?
DAVE:
Yes, there�s just one problem to sort out.
PAUL:
What�s that?
DAVE:
I can�t find out how to switch it on.
Idioms
� dead easy means �really easy� or �extremely easy�
� I�ll say! /`ɑils�i/ is a way of strongly
� I�ll say!
Is Henry very rich?
� I�ll say!
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Language point 74 � more about the
to-form
The TO-FORM of the verb is very important because it�s used in so many situations and with so many other types of word. Let�s see what combinations there are in Dialogue 5:
� ADJECTIVE + to-form:
Is it easy to use?
It was dead easy to set up
ADJECTIVE + to-form phrases are usually easy to understand: The computer is easy to use
means �Using the computer is easy�
It was hard to find so much money
means �Finding so much money was hard�
Some adjectives describing a
pleased:
I�m pleased to see you
happy:
We�re so happy to be here
keen:
I�m keen to visit the new art gallery
eager:
Dave is eager to get started at his new job
� NOUN + to-form:
There�s just one problem to sort out
This means �There�s just one problem that has to be sorted out�.
But the NOUN + to-form structure can have other meanings as well.
Here are some examples:
Can I have a book to read?
= �Can I have a book that I can read?�
That is a difficult question to answer
�= Answering that question is difficult�
� VERB + to-form:
I arranged to pay for it
you decided to buy it
In Language point 50 we saw the ING-FORM is used after some verbs, and the TO-FORM after others. You have to
205
with each verb � good learners� dictionaries will tell you. Here are some more that are followed by the to-form:
agree:
Brian agreed to change the schedule
ask:
Shall we ask them to come back later?
(can�t) afford:
I can�t afford to miss this lecture
expect:
We�re expecting to see the family at Christmas
fail:
Suzie failed to get the results she needed
help:
Will you help me to tidy the room
offer:
Shall we offer to do the washing-up?
refuse:
I refuse to listen to this nonsense!
want:
What do you want to do?
� WH-WORD + to-form: I can�t find out how to switch it on We can use most question words with a to-form after verbs describing:
knowing
understanding
thinking
finding out
deciding
saying
telling
Here are some more examples:
I don�t know where to park
= I don�t know where I should park
Pete told me what to write down
I can�t decide who to invite
They didn�t say when to come
I need to know how many to order
But we
�He doesn�t know why to do it�
He doesn�t know why he should do it
206
Rewrite the ing-sentences as to-sentences, and vice versa. The first one has been done for you.
1 Speaking Vietnamese is hard.
→ It�s hard to speak
Vietnamese
2 Eating chocolate is nice.
→
3 It�s unpleasant to have injections.
→
4 It�s annoying to get phone bills.
→
5 Swimming underwater is fun.
→
6 It�s nice to get birthday presents.
→
7 It�s easy to speak colloquial English. →
8 Writing thank you letters is polite.
→
9 Painting pictures is relaxing.
→
10 Drinking the water here isn�t safe.
→
Complete these sentences using the correct WH-WORD. The first one is done for you.
1 I don�t know how to get to the cinema.
2 Can you tell me ____ to do?
3 I don�t know ____ to buy her.
4 We need to decide ____ to invite.
5 Do you know ____ to drive?
6 I�m not sure ____ to park the car.
7 Can you tell me ____ to do it?
8 Terry doesn�t know ____ to put the luggage.
9 We�d better find out ____ to ask.
10 I don�t know ____ to say to them.
Complete these sentences by adding a WH-WORD and one of the verbs from the box. Use each verb only
1
I�ve written a letter telling people what to bring on the trip.
2
I�ve no idea __________ to the airport on time.
3
Do the children know ________ the video?
4
Let�s discuss ________ on holiday this year.
207
5
Can someone tell me ________ this form?
6
I�ve told everyone _________ at the station.
7
Tom isn�t sure _______ the roses this year.
8
I�ll show you ______ your bags.
to be
to put
to get
to work
to fill in
to plant
to bring
to go
Phrasal verbs
find out � �discover�; we often use this phrasal verb with wh-words.
pack up � �stop working (machines)�; this phrasal verb is similar to breakdown that we saw in Unit 10 � but it�s often used about smaller machines, such as computers: we say The car�s broken down, but The computer�s packed up. We also use pack up to talk about
set up � when we talk about setting up a home cinema system (for example), we mean doing all the things necessary to make it work and placing all the component parts (e.g. the screen, the DVD-player, the speakers) in the right places.
Life and living � computers
You�re never very far away from a computer in the UK � everyone seems to have one these days, either at home or at work (or both!).
They�re very versatile, of course, and quite user-friendly. We call the machine itself and its associated equipment the hardware.
Hardware includes things like the monitor, the keyboard, the printer, the hard disk and the floppy disks � all things that you can
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and let the search engine do the rest. Alternatively, you can just surf the Web, following your own path from link to link to see where you end up.
But perhaps the most frequent and ubiquitous use for Internet access is email (electronic mail) � you can send someone a message instantaneously anywhere in the world, and it�s both cheap and convenient. You�d better watch out for viruses, though!
versatile � able to be used for many different purposes user-friendly � easy for anyone to use
associated equipment � machine used in conjunction with the computer monitor � the screen you look at
keyboard � the thing you type with
printer � the machine that prints out your documents onto paper hard disk � the computer�s built-in memory
floppy disk � a portable memory device for transferring information program � a set of instructions to allow a computer to perform a task instruction � command
word-processing � writing and editing documents spreadsheet � program for handling varied types of data access � get access to
every . . . under the sun � every kind you can think of field � area
navigate � find your way
keywords � important words
link � pointers on a website that take you automatically to other websites ubiquitous � existing everywhere
instantaneously � immediately, at once
virus � a program designed to find its way into a computer�s hard disk and damage it
13 The people
we met were
fantastic!
In this unit you will learn how to:
� how to use who and that in longer sentences
� use prepositions in longer sentences
� use more adverbs
Dialogue 1
JAMES:
Who�s this bloke?1
SU:
That�s the man who helped us when the car broke down. And next to him is the woman who was staying in the room below us.
JAMES:
And what�s this place?
SU:
That�s the building that used to be the National Library. Now it�s a drama school for people who want to be actors. And then . . .
[
. . . this is one of the students who showed us round the place.
[
JAMES:
And this must be the driver who drove you around.
SU:
Yes. We had two drivers � a man who didn�t speak any English, and a young woman who really did speak excellent English.
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[.
. . . And this is the plane that brought us back home.
[.
. . . And this is the taxi driver that met us at the airport to bring us back to Brighton.
JAMES:
Looks like you had a great holiday!
SU:
Oh yes! The places we saw were amazing, the food we ate was delicious and the people we met were fantastic.
JAMES:
What about the money you spent?
SU:
None left!
1 bloke is a colloquial word for �man�
Dialogue 2
HELEN:
That�s a nice top, Justine.
JUSTINE:
Do you like it? I got it in a great little shop I found when I was doing the shopping in Brighton the other week.
HELEN:
It really suits you. So . . . where�s this shop then? I can picture myself in something like that.
JUSTINE:
Right � you know the Indian restaurant on London Road that does vegan dishes?
HELEN:
The one we went to on Stuart�s birthday?
JUSTINE:
The one we got thrown out of after Stuart made himself sick, yes. Well, behind it there�s a public garden that most people don�t know about. And at the other end there�s a little bakery that makes banana doughnuts. You go past there . . .
HELEN:
Oh God, Justine � can�t you just take me there?
JUSTINE:
OK � we�ll go and see if we can find something you like.
211
Idioms
� the other week means � two or three or a few weeks ago� (
� this (shop) means �the (shop) you�ve just been talking about�
� oh God: we use this expression in informal situations if we are annoyed, or worried, about something. It�s
Language point 75 � relative clauses:
�who� and �that�
Look at these two sentences:
a
That�s the man
b
He helped us with the car
We can join these together to make
weak form /h�/ instead of he in sentence (b): That�s the man who helped us with the car
Now look at these two sentences:
a
That�s the building
b
It houses the nation�s modern art collection
Because building is a
But did you notice that, later in Dialogue 1, Su says: And this is the taxi driver that met us at the airport
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With
The woman who lives next door
The woman that lives next door
�The building who stands opposite the bank�
The building that stands opposite the bank
In more formal English which can be used instead of that for things: The building which stands opposite the bank
This word is
� see Language point 60.
At the end of the dialogue Su says:
The food we ate was delicious
The people we met were fantastic
She
The food that we ate was delicious
The people who we met were fantastic
but she
The people who
we saw
=
�The people
we saw�
The people who saw
us
�The people saw
us�
213
Match the pairs of sentences, then join them using who or that.
1
I�m looking for a man
a
It leads to the garden.
2
I need a pencil
b
It leads to the town centre.
3
I can see the bridge
c
They broke the window.
4
This is the road
d
It sells cheap chocolate.
5
This is the door
e
He flew us home.
6
I�m looking for a shop
f
He can mend cars.
7
Those are the children
g
It has a sharp point.
8
That�s the pilot
h
It crosses the river.
Join the two sentences using who or that � the first one has been done for you.
1 The men ran away. (They robbed the bank)
The men who robbed the bank ran away.
2 The restaurant won a prize. (It did the best food) ___________________________________
3 The students are very clever. (They�re learning Russian) ___________________________________
4 The woman phoned the police. (She lost her passport) ___________________________________
5 The train was very full. (It was late)
___________________________________
6 The newsreader lost her job. (She sneezed on camera) ___________________________________
7 The artist refused to take any money. (He painted the Queen) ___________________________________
8 The tree is big. (It fell on our house)
___________________________________
9 The fish are pretty. (They live in the garden pond) ___________________________________
10 The ship was enormous. (It took us to the Caribbean) ___________________________________
214
Decide which of these sentences can have the who or that
1 The film that I saw was exciting.
2 The house that we bought was very old.
3 The man who showed us round was very polite.
4 The instruction manual that came with the video was useless.
5 The policeman who we asked was helpful.
6 The computer that my brother bought was expensive.
7 The people that we met were fantastic.
8 The fireworks that they set off were stupendous.
9 The computer that sits on my desk is rather noisy.
10 The children who live next door are very friendly.
Language point 76 � relative clauses
with prepositions
We saw in Language point 75 that we can change:
We phoned the restaurant
into
The restaurant (that) we phoned
Now look what happens when we add a PREPOSITION:
We went to the restaurant
→
The restaurant (that) we went to
The preposition goes to the
The one we went to
(We got thrown out of the restaurant)
The one we got thrown out of
Here are some more examples:
(James was talking to the woman)
The woman James was talking to
215
(The children are playing with the ball)
The ball the children are playing with
And here�s another example from the Dialogue:
(Most people don�t know about the public garden)
A public garden that most people don�t know about In more formal English the preposition
�A public garden about which most people don�t know�
Complete the sentences by filling in the first blank with a phrase from the first box, and the second blank with a phrase from the second box. Use each phrase only once. The first one has been done for you.
1
The woman who I helped was very grateful.
2
The programme ____________ was ___________ .
3
The patient ___________ has ____________ .
4
The music ____________ was ___________ .
5
The trousers ___________ were ___________ .
6
The chair ____________ was _____________ .
7
The rubbish __________ was ____________ .
8
The meal ___________ was ____________ .
that I saw
that we were listening to
that Dave bought
that I was sitting on
that Henry cooked
that we threw away
who I helped
who was in hospital
very uncomfortable
rather boring
got better now
too short for him
very loud
really delicious
very grateful
rather smelly
216
Join the pairs of sentences together
1 Nobody knows about this shop.
→ This is the shop nobody knows about.
2 Justine works in this office.
→ __________________________________ .
3 I was sitting in that chair.
→ __________________________________ .
4 We�ve been listening to this music all morning.
→ __________________________________ .
5 I wrote the message on this piece of paper.
→ __________________________________ .
6 We lived in this town for five years.
→ __________________________________ .
7 Andy comes from this town.
→ __________________________________ .
8 I told you about these people.
→ __________________________________ .
9 I got my DVD-player from this shop.
→ __________________________________ .
10 I came with these students.
→ __________________________________ .
Dialogue 3
MARKET
Now, first of all, could you tell me how much time RESEARCHER:
you spend every day watching TV?
FIONA:
Goodness! Let me think � well, on weekdays I�m usually back from work at about 5.30, and I generally switch the television on as soon as I come in.
217
M/RESEARCHER: Do you always leave the TV on all evening?
FIONA:
I usually do, yes. I probably have it on too much, actually, because I�m certainly not always watching it.
M/RESEARCHER: Now � what kind of programme do you like best?
FIONA:
Well, I like drama and nature programmes a lot.
And I often watch the soaps.
M/RESEARCHER: I see. And what about the late news bulletins?
FIONA:
I�ve usually gone to bed by then!
M/RESEARCHER: Do you watch morning TV at all?
FIONA:
I never watch TV in the mornings because I�m never in the house. During the week I always leave very early for work, and I have yoga classes every weekend on both Saturday and Sunday mornings.
M/RESEARCHER: And finally, what do you think about the amount of TV you watch every week?
FIONA:
I definitely watch too much, but I find it really relaxing after a day�s work, so I probably won�t change!
M/RESEARCHER: Thanks for your time and your help.
FIONA:
Not at all.
Idiom
� We use Not at all as a polite response when someone has
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Dialogue 4
CANDACE:
Hello, Brenda � I just thought I�d call in and see how you are.
BRENDA:
Hi � I�m still a bit iffy, but I�m definitely feeling better than I was.
CANDACE:
You certainly look a lot better. Still, you probably don�t want to come swimming today.
BRENDA:
I know we always do that on Wednesdays, but I probably shouldn�t. I don�t feel sick any more, but I�m still feeling a bit weak.
CANDACE:
[
BRENDA:
No thanks, Candace � I�ve already had three this morning, and it�s only ten o�clock!
Idiom
When Brenda says she�s still a bit iffy she�s using a colloquial word to describe how she�s feeling � iffy comes from if, one of the words we�ve been looking at in this unit, and it means uncertain or notcompletely OK. Here, she�s telling Candace that she�s still a bit uncertain about her health. More examples:
I�m not eating this � it smells iffy!
(it doesn�t smell right)
This car looks a bit iffy
(there�s something wrong with it)
Language point 77 � �do� and �make�
We�ve seen do a lot in this book as an AUXILIARY � do, don�t, did, didn�t � in questions in the PRESENT SIMPLE and PAST SIMPLE, and in negatives, and in tags. But do is also a verb with a real meaning. In Dialogue 2 we see another verb as well: make.
These two verbs have similar meanings and it is easy for learners of English to confuse them. Let�s see how Justine uses them in Dialogue 2:
I was doing the shopping
The bakery that makes banana doughnuts
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Now, let�s imagine that Justine has given us a list of all the things she does in a day � if we arrange them into
does
makes
the shopping
a cup of tea
the household finances
a shopping list
some yoga
an evening meal
the washing-up
a loaf of bread
the gardening
some paper aeroplanes
Can you see the difference?
do
=
perform an action
make
=
produce or create something
Do also has many
the restaurant that does vegan dishes
Here do = serve.
Here are some more special meanings of do:
Liz is doing Law at university
(study)
The local theatre company�s doing
Hamlet this week
(perform)
That will do for today
(be enough)
This car does 150 mile per hour
(travels at a speed of)
I�m done for today
(finished)
Finally, remember that most forms of do have unusual pronunciations:
do
/du/
does
/dz/
don�t
/də�nt/
done
/dn/
220
Choose between the verbs in brackets for each sentence.
1
Have you (done/made) your homework yet?
2
Kath�s (doing/making) bread rolls for the picnic.
3
I can�t (do/make) this Maths problem.
4
Will you (do/make) the washing-up for me?
5
I�m thinking of (doing/making) the London Marathon this year.
6
This restaurant doesn�t (do/make) curry.
7
They�ve (done/made) a film of this book.
8
When the weather gets better I�ll (do/make) the gardening.
Correct these sentences. Be careful � one of them
1
What have you did with my trousers?
2
The children maked a lot of noise at the party.
3
I done my homework already.
4
Suzie�s made an important decision.
5
Let�s be careful � we don�t want to do a mistake, do we?
6
James dids a good job.
7
Has Lucy doed her yoga exercises?
8
Let�s make the rest of the work later.
Dialogue 5
ANDY:
Oh, it�s always the same!
BRIAN:
What?
ANDY:
I never have any money on me when I go out. Every
week I carefully plan my spending, but by Friday it�s all gone.
BRIAN:
Never mind. Surely there�s a bank nearby. You definitely
ANDY:
We�ll soon find out. I was still in the black last week, but I�m often overdrawn by the end of the month.
221
BRIAN:
I really hate being overdrawn, don�t you?
ANDY:
I often get rude letters form the bank about it, so they obviously don�t like it either.
BRIAN:
They certainly don�t.
Idioms
� on me means �with me� or �in my possession� particularly when talking about money. Have you got any money on you? is the normal way in colloquial English of asking someone if they have money in their pocket on in their wallet or purse.
� I was in the black means �I had money in the bank�; in the black means �in credit with the bank�, in the red means �in debt to the bank�.
Language point 78 � adverb position
In Language point 58 we saw that the
we can divide them into two groups according to the position they occupy in the sentence:
222
every day
every weekend
time
on Saturday
(not) at all
degree
a lot
These adverbs usually come at the
✓
�I buy every morning a newspaper�
✕
I don�t like lemon tea at all
✓
�I don�t like at all lemon tea�
✕
We�ll phone you on Saturday
✓
�We�ll on Saturday phone you�
✕
The
✓
always
never
often
frequency
usually
generally
definitely
probably
These adverbs come:
1
after the first AUXILIARY:
I�ve usually gone to bed
2
after be if there is no other verb or auxiliary: I�m usually back from work
I�m never in the house
3
before the
223
Notice what happens in questions:
Do you always leave the TV on?
Have you often visited Italy?
� the adverb comes after the SUBJECT.
Decide which of these sentences have the adverb in the wrong position, and correct them. Some of the sentences are okay.
1 Simon reads often in the evenings.
2 You probably�ll miss the bus.
3 Does Gerry usually drive to work?
4 They�ll definitely want to come with us.
5 Suzie likes a lot Indian food.
6 Is often the weather wet in this part of the country?
7 Barry doesn�t like at all Indian food.
8 We every Saturday go to watch a football match.
9 Every evening I have a bath.
10 I have a bath every evening.
Turn these statements into questions � watch out for the adverbs.
1
Henry�s often in the local library.
2
James is always working in the Internet café.
3
Tom�s brother and his wife have often visited France.
4
You usually go to the restaurant next door.
5
He often has to go abroad.
6
George goes to the pub every Friday evening.
Phrasal verbs
drive (around) � �drive to lots of different places�; we can drive around, or we can drive
show (a)round � �show someone lots of different places�; Will you show usround? means �Will you take us to different places and tell us about them?�. You can show someone round a town or city, or you can show them round your house! When people come to look at your house to see if they want to buy it, we say Let me show you round.
224
Life and living � people and population
There�s a lot of talk about people in this unit, and in the United Kingdom there�s certainly no shortage of people. Nearly sixty million people live in the four constituent countries of the UK � by far the majority (48 million) live in England, with 6 million living in Scotland, 3 million in Wales and 2 million in Northern Ireland.
Also part of the British Isles, but not part of the UK, is the Republic of Ireland with over 3.5 million people.
Britain is famous for the multicultural nature of its population.
Particularly in the cities � not just London but other cities such as Birmingham (Britain�s second city), Bristol and Brighton (where Helen and Justine in Dialogue 2 come from) � you�ll meet people from all parts of the world. Just walk down the street and you�ll encounter British citizens whose family links go back to Africa, India, China and just about anywhere else in the world you can think of. Many of these people speak languages in addition to English � for example, in London there are over 200 languages spoken among the 8 million inhabitants of the city! If you want to broaden your experience of this side of things, you can buy books in the same series as this one to help you learn: Chinese, Cantonese,
225
Hindi, Urdu, Panjabi, Gujarati, Somali, for example, as well as two language which, like English, are indigenous to the UK: Welsh and Scottish Gaelic.
This cultural and linguistic diversity is what many people think makes Britain a very special place to live and work, and of course a great country to visit!
shortage � not many (so no shortage means �a lot�) constituent countries � the countries that together form the UK
majority � most, the greatest number
multicultural � having people from many cultural backgrounds encounter � meet
links � connections
just about � almost, very nearly
inhabitants � people who live in a place
broaden � widen, make more broad
as well as � and also
indigenous � something or someone that arose or was born in a place rather than being imported or coming from somewhere else diversity � variety, having many different aspects great � wonderful, very good
14 What would
you do?
In this unit you will learn how to:
� talk about things that haven�t happened
� talk about what might happen
� discuss possibilities
� identify and use the two main types of conditional in English Dialogue 1
JUSTINE:
Hang on a minute, Ann! I need to go into the newsagent�s.
ANN:
What for? We�ve already got a newspaper.
JUSTINE:
I need to buy a lottery ticket.
ANN:
A lottery ticket? I�m surprised at you, Justine �
JUSTINE:
What do you mean, a waste of money? If I play, I might win!
ANN:
Like hell! But anyway, even if you
JUSTINE:
If I won I�d do lots of things � I�d go on a trip round the world, for a start. And I�d buy my Mum and Dad a new house. And I�d give money to charity. And . . .
ANN:
I bet you wouldn�t be happy, though.
JUSTINE:
[
ANN:
I wouldn�t play in the first place, so it wouldn�t happen, would it?
227
JUSTINE:
But if you
ANN:
Well, yes . . . I suppose I would. But . . .
JUSTINE:
Well there you are then! Wait here while I go in and buy a ticket.
ANN:
You�ll be wasting your money.
JUSTINE:
You won�t say that if I win.
[
ANN:
Justine!
JUSTINE:
Yes, what is it
ANN:
Get me a ticket as well, would you?
Language point 79 � conditionals
CONDITIONALS are forms of the verb that describe actions or events that have not happened, but
Conditional sentences have two parts: a MAIN CLAUSE and an IF-CLAUSE. There are
and C2 � and we are going to look at both of them in this unit. So
� let�s look at the following similar, but different, sentences:
[C1]
If I have time, I�ll help you with the washing-up
[C2]
If I had time, I�d help you with the washing-up You can see that these sentences are the same
Now let�s look at the meanings:
� in the C1 sentence, I am saying that it is
� in the C2 sentence I am saying that I
You can see the difference in Dialogue 1, where Justine uses both C1 and C2 conditionals � she says if I win (C1) because she thinks it�s a possibility, but when talking about Ann she says if you won (C2) because Ann doesn�t do the lottery and so it won�t happen and is therefore unreal.
We�ll look at C2 conditionals later in this unit, but first we�ll concentrate on C1.
228
The normal verb pattern for C1 conditionals is:
if-clause PRESENT SIMPLE � main clause WILL-FUTURE
Here are some examples showing both statements and negatives: If she stays, I�ll stay too
If she doesn�t stay, I won�t stay either
If I stay, she won�t
If I don�t stay, she will
This is usually all we need to know to form C1 conditionals.
But there
Justine says If I play I might win; we saw the might /mait/ in Unit 13 (Language point 72) � it indicates that the speaker thinks the action or event described
If we don�t take the car, we must carry the shopping homeIf Helen is late, we should start without her
If the bus is full, we might not get a seat
Look at these conditional sentences and simply decide whether each one is possible or unreal � the first one has been done for you. Be careful with no. 4.
1
I�ll buy the drinks if you order the food
possible / unreal
2
If Dave broke the window, he�d have to
buy new one
possible / unreal
3
If we hurry we�ll catch the bus
possible / unreal
4
The food would keep longer if we put it in
the fridge
possible / unreal
5
If you give me the money, I�ll take care
of it
possible / unreal
229
6
We�d miss you if you went away
possible / unreal
7
If it rains we�ll get very wet
possible / unreal
8
If it started to snow now the kids would
be excited
possible / unreal
Match the actions on the left to their
results on the right � the first one has
been done for you.
1
If you cut your finger,
a
your eyes close.
2
If you heat glass,
b
it burns.
3
If you sneeze,
c
it turns to ice.
4
If you freeze water,
d
you get wet.
5
If you go out in the rain
e
it bleeds.
6
If you light a candle,
f
it melts.
Rewrite the verbs in these sentences in the correct tenses � the first one has been done for you.
1
If he (go) to Finland next week, he (need)
a passport.
goes
�ll need
2
If Gerry (be) late, we (leave) without him.
_____
_____
3
If you (stand) in the rain, you (get) wet.
_____
_____
4
If the TV (break down), James (repair) it.
_____
_____
5
If I (not see) you tonight, I (phone) you
in the morning.
_____
_____
6
If Suzi (not hurry), she (miss) the bus.
_____
_____
7
Mike (be) pleased if he (get) the job.
_____
_____
8
This microwave (not work) if you
(not plug) it in.
_____
_____
230
Match the if-clauses and main clauses to make complete sentences
� the first one has been done for you.
1
If it rains,
a
you�ll have to wear a hat.
2
If you write the essay,
b I�ll pay for them.
3
If the sun gets too hot,
c
it will break.
4
If you bend this too much,
d we�ll miss the concert.
5
If you don�t leave now,
e
you won�t improve.
6
If Simon orders the drinks,
f
we won�t have a picnic.
7
If you don�t practise,
g
you�ll miss your train.
8
If the bus is late,
h I�ll check the spelling.
Language point 80 � �if� and �when�
We use if to talk about things that
If it rains tomorrow, . . .
When it gets dark tonight
Start the clauses below with either if or when as you think right.
1
_____ this programme finishes, . . .
2
_____ the sun rises, . . .
3
_____ there�s a thunderstorm next week, . . .
4
_____ the shop is still open, . . .
5
_____ it�s a nice day tomorrow, . . .
6
_____ you decide not to come, . . .
Language point 81 � �what for?�
What for? is another way of saying Why? in colloquial English, when asking about
231
Why are you going in the
=
What are you going in the
shop?
shop for?
Why are you looking at me?
=
What are you looking at
me for?
Why did you do that?
=
What did you do that for?
Why is he here?
=
What is he here for?
But what for?
Why isn�t he here?
and it
Why are the summers getting hotter?
�What are the summers getting hotter for?�
Why does wood float?
�What does wood float for?�
Some of these why? questions can be rewritten with what for?
Decide which ones can, and rewrite them. The first one has been done for you.
1 Why is John carrying that brick?
What is John carrying that brick for?
2 Why didn�t you phone me?
________________________________
3 Why did your sister leave early?
________________________________
4 Why does the sun rise in the east?
________________________________
5 Why did the Romans invade Britain?
___________________________
6 Why did the Roman Empire collapse?
___________________________
7 Why haven�t you bought any tickets?
__________________________
232
8 Why is English a world language?
___________________________
9 Why did Sweden win the ice hockey?
___________________________
10 Why are you watching the ice hockey?
___________________________
Idiom
� Like hell! Justine says If I play, I might win, and Ann replies Likehell! We use this phrase to express disagreement with what�s just been said. It is very informal, but is not rude. Here are some more examples:
Do you think Arsenal will
� Like hell!
win tonight?
� Like hell they will!
We�re going to get a pay
� Like hell!
rise.
� Like hell we are!
Simon says he paid the bill.
� Like hell!
� Like hell he did!
Amy says she wasn�t rude
� Like hell!
to Gerry
� Like hell she wasn�t!
� Be careful with this idiom when a tag is added:
Like hell he will! means He won�t!
Like hell we are! means We aren�t!
Like hell she wasn�t means She was!
But there is also a phrase the hell which we use as an intensifier, particularly with question words (but
Who the hell are you?
What�s wrong?
What the hell is wrong?
Why are they here?
Why the hell are they here?
Where are my keys?
Where the hell are my keys?
How should I know?
How the hell should I know?
It�s safer
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Dialogue 2
LAUREN:
Hello, Gillian. Aren�t you having lunch?
GILLIAN:
No � I just wanted to ask: have you seen James today?
LAUREN:
No, I don�t think so. Why?
GILLIAN:
I need to talk to him quite urgently about something.
If you see him, will you tell him to phone me?
LAUREN:
I�ll certainly tell him if I see him. But listen . . . why don�t you phone him yourself on his mobile?
GILLIAN:
If I knew his mobile number, I would.
LAUREN:
Ah. [
. . . Wait a minute! What about his friends?
GILLIAN:
What about them?
LAUREN:
Well � if you phoned one of James�s friends, perhaps they could tell you his mobile number.
GILLIAN:
Great idea! Good thinking, Lauren � I knew I�d get everything sorted if I sat next to you!
Idiom
� I�d get everything sorted means �I�d solve all my problems�; getsomething sorted (or sorted out) can also mean put right, put inorder or arrange. More examples:
Have you got the dishwasher sorted out?
= �Have you fixed the problem with the dishwasher?�
This room is chaos � how are we going to get it sorted?
= �This room is chaos � how are we going get it organised?�
We�ll need to get the tickets sorted by the weekend
= �We�ll need to have booked the tickets by the weekend�
Language point 82 � C2 conditionals
The verb pattern for C2 conditionals is:
if-clause PAST SIMPLE � main clause would /�d + BASE-FORM
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You might like to review the PAST SIMPLE in Unit 9 � remember that many common verbs (the strong verbs) have irregular past simples that have to be learnt.
Let�s remind ourselves of C1 and C2:
[C1]
If I see Amy, I�ll tell her
[C2]
If I saw Amy, I�d tell her
Remember that the first example is talking about an event that is possible in the future, while the second one is talking about an event that the speaker doesn�t expect to happen.
So in Dialogue 2, Gillian says to Lauren If you see him . . . , because she thinks that is a possibility, but she says If I knew hismobile number because she
Here are some more examples:
[C1]
If the train arrives late, we�ll have to get a taxi fromthe station
[C2]
If the train arrived late, we�d have to get a taxi fromthe station
[C1]
If I become world president, I�ll stop global warming
[C2]
If I became world president, I�d stop global warming The last pair of examples shows very clearly the difference between C1 and C2 � If I become world president . . . could only be said by someone who was in the running for the office, someone who had put himself up for election; If I became world president . . . , on the other hand, is what all the rest of us would say, because we don�t expect it to happen to us.
Be careful! It is
in the if-clause:
If he ate the cake, he�d be sick
�If he�d eat the cake�
If we left by eleven, we�d catch the last bus
�If we�d leave�
235
Sometimes we can use conditionals to make suggestions � for example, when Lauren says to Gillian If you phoned one of James�sfriends, perhaps they could tell you . . . Here the if-clause is just there to suggest to Gillian that she does something, and in this use of the conditional the rules about C1 and C2 are much looser
� all of the following variants are okay:
If you phone one of James�s friends, perhaps they cantell you . . .
If you phone one of James�s friends, perhaps they couldtell you . . .
Just as will is short to �ll, so �d is the short form of would, which is used with the BASE-FORM of the verb to make the CONDITIONAL.
I would /w�d/ I�d /aid/
I would not
I wouldn�t /`w�dnt/
you would
you�d /ju:d/
you would not
you wouldn�t
he would
he�d /hi:d/
he would not
he wouldn�t
she would
she�d /ʃi:d/
she would not
she wouldn�t
James would James�d
James would not James wouldn�t
we would
we�d /wi:d/
we would not
we wouldn�t
they would
they�d /ð�id/ they would not
they wouldn�t
As usual, the full forms are used for questions � would he? , and the short forms for negative questions � wouldn�t he? . The negative short forms (wouldn�t) are normal in colloquial English; in statements both short forms and full forms are common.
Choose the correct verb in these C2 conditional sentences. The first one has been done for you.
1
If I (win) the lottery, I (buy) a car.
If I won the lottery, I�d buy a car
2
You (be) angry if they (come) home late.
____________________________
3
If you (take) more exercise, you (feel) healthier.
_______________________________________
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4
Helen (pay) the bill if she (have) any money.
____________________________________
5
I (phone) the police if someone (steal) my car.
_____________________________________
6
I (be) surprised if she (agree) to do that.
________________________________
7
If we (leave) too late we (miss) the train.
________________________________
8
It (be) too dark if we (wait) till ten o�clock.
__________________________________
Correct these sentences. Be careful! One of them
1
I�d buy this ring if I�d have enough money.
2
Would you prefer it if we�ll come tomorrow?
3
James would help you if you did explain the problem.
4
What will you do if you won the lottery?
5
Amy would be pleased if she would get the job.
6
I�d invite Sarah if I knew her address.
7
This room looked better if you�d paint it blue.
8
If the guests will arrive late I�d be annoyed.
Language point 83 � �I bet�, �I wish�,
�if only�
In Dialogue 1 Ann says to Justine I bet you wouldn�t be happy, and Justine answers with the tag response I bet I would � we can use Ibet to express a strong opinion and invite agreement: I bet Amy didn�t pass her driving test!
� I bet she did!
I bet you don�t know what I�ve got in
this bag.
� I bet I do!
I bet they haven�t seen the film yet.
� I bet they have!
or simply to contradict what the other person has just said: Harry�s not coming tonight.
� I bet he is!
It�s too late now to get tickets.
� I bet it isn�t!
237
I don�t think Dave was interested.
� I bet he was!
Your parents wouldn�t like it here.
� I bet they would!
I wish and If only are used with a C2 conditional (would /�d) to say that you want someone to do something even though you know they probably won�t. More examples:
I wish Adrian would give up singing!
If only our employers would give us a pay rise!
If only it would rain!
I wish you wouldn�t be so awkward!
Notice that If only . . . is the
You
=
Would you open the window for me?
=
Could you open the window for me?
�I wish you�d open the window for me�
�If only you�d open the window for me�
Dialogue 3
SARAH:
You�d better get a move on, darling. If you don�t hurry you�ll miss the train.
DAVE:
I know, I know. Could you just help me with these bags?
SARAH:
Oh for goodness sake � I
DAVE:
I need two bags in case one of them breaks, OK?
SARAH:
OK, OK. Anyway, . . .
[
. . . phone me when you get to Scotland, will you?
DAVE:
I wish you�d stop fussing. I won�t phone unless there are problems.
SARAH:
But I�ll worry if I don�t hear you�ve arrived!
238
DAVE:
Unless you hear from me, you�ll know everything�s OK, won�t you?
SARAH:
I�d feel better if you phoned, that�s all. If only you�d just accept that, Dave.
DAVE:
All right, all right � I�ll phone when I get there, OK?
SARAH:
Thanks, darling. I knew you�d see it my way if I explained.
DAVE:
If you nagged enough, you mean.
Idiom
� You�d better get a move on means �You�d better hurry�. We can also use this idiom in commands and requests:
Get a move on!
=
Hurry up!
Could you get a move on?
=
Could you hurry up?
Get a move on, will you?
=
Hurry up, will you?
239
Language point 84 � �unless� and
�in case�
Unless is another way of saying if . . . not � Sarah says . . . if I don�thear, but Dave says unless you hear instead of if you don�t hear.
And Sarah
More examples:
I�m not going to the pub unless you�re coming too
I�m not going to the pub if you�re not coming tooDon�t post the letter unless you�ve put a stamp on it
Don�t post the letter if you haven�t put a stamp on it Then Dave says he needs two bags in case one of them breaks �
he�s foreseeing a problem in the future and trying to avoid it; in case is usually followed by the PRESENT SIMPLE:
Take your swimming trunks in case there�s a
pool at the hotel
I�m putting the garden furniture away in case
we have a storm
We�ve bought some candles in case we get a
power cut
Rewrite these if . . . not sentences as unless sentences, and vice versa. The first one has been done for you.
1
I�m leaving if she doesn�t say sorry.
I�m leaving unless she says sorry.
2
You won�t pass your English exam unless you study hard.
______________________________________________ .
3
You can�t send an email if you haven�t got a computer.
____________________________________________ .
4
We�ll go swimming this afternoon if it doesn�t rain.
_________________________________________ .
5
Start without me unless I phone.
___________________________ .
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6
I�m going if he doesn�t come in the next ten minutes.
__________________________________________ .
7
You can�t come in unless you�re a member.
___________________________________ .
8
You can�t eat here if you�re not wearing a tie.
____________________________________ .
Match the clauses on the left with those on the right to make complete sentences. The first one has been done for you.
1
I�ll throw you out
a I won�t be friends with him
2
Unless I get something to eat
b unless you need it yourself
3
I�m not going to listen to you
c unless they are watered
4
If he doesn�t say sorry
d unless it�s raining outside
5
I�ll borrow your book
e if you don�t start behaving
6
I�m going to go for a walk
f if the referee isn�t ready
7
We can�t start the game
g I�m going to starve
8
The plants will die
h unless you stop shouting
15 I said you�d
phone back
later
In this unit you will learn how to:
� report what other people have said
� distinguish between direct and reported speech
� use verbs of saying, reporting and thinking
� form and use the past perfect tense
� recognise the passive
Dialogue 1
PETE:
Karen phoned while you were out.
JULIE:
What did she want?
PETE:
She said she�d bought the three tickets for the concert tonight.
JULIE:
Oh good. I was afraid they might be sold out. Did she say anything else?
PETE:
She asked if you�d arranged to pick up Fiona on the way.
I said I didn�t know and that you�d phone back when you got in.
JULIE:
OK, I�ll do that now.
Dialogue 2
PAUL:
Where�s Fred? He said he�d be here at eight.
MIKE:
Fred told me he wasn�t coming tonight after all.
242
PAUL:
Why not? I thought
he wanted to see
this film.
MIKE:
He does, but he
phoned me earlier
and said he�d
broken his leg.
PAUL:
Broken his leg?
How did he do that?
MIKE:
Fell off a ladder,
I think.
PAUL:
I thought he didn�t
like heights.
MIKE:
Maybe that�s why he
fell off.
Language point 85 � past perfect
In Language point 53 we saw how to form the PRESENT PERFECT by using the PRESENT of have with the PAST PARTICIPLE. Go back and review this now if you need to.
If we use the
I�ve bought the tickets
PAST PERFECT
I�d bought the tickets
(Remember that have and had are generally used in their SHORT
FORMS in colloquial English).
And now compare questions:
Has he bought the tickets?
Had he bought the tickets?
And finally negatives:
We haven�t bought the tickets
We hadn�t bought the tickets
� short forms again!
243
Remember that, as with the present perfect, you need the PAST
PARTICIPLE of the main verb when you use the past perfect.
REGULAR verbs:
past participle = past simple (-ed)
IRREGULAR verbs:
past participle must be learnt
(past)
(past perfect)
In this example we are talking about an event that happened in the past (Dave arrived), and
We often use the past perfect when reporting what people have said � see next Language point.
These people have all been very busy this afternoon. Use the information to make sentences saying what each of them had done by three o�clock. The first one has been done for you.
1 Candace (fall asleep)
By three o�clock Candace had fallen asleep
2 Fiona (do the shopping)
By three o�clock ______________________
3 James (write six letters)
By three o�clock ______________________
4 Simon (mend the video)
By three o�clock ______________________
5 Liz (pay all the bills)
By three o�clock ______________________
6 Justine (finish her book)
By three o�clock ______________________
7 Adam (do his homework)
By three o�clock ______________________
244
8 Liam (make some rolls)
By three o�clock ______________________
9 Ann (clean four cars)
By three o�clock ______________________
10 Brenda (order the pizzas)
By three o�clock ______________________
Rewrite these sentences in the past perfect tense. The first one has been done for you.
1 Terry fell off the ladder.
Terry had fallen off the ladder.
2 James is going out.
3 They were watching the film.
4 He�s feeding the cat.
5 Will Su buy the food?
6 I�m writing the letter.
7 The bus is leaving early.
8 I wasn�t working in the office.
9 Did Henry see the doctor?
10 Are you phoning them?
Language point 86 � reported speech
When we
Kath said: �I�m not coming�
or we can incorporate the words into one sentence: Kath said (that) she wasn�t coming This second option is called REPORTED SPEECH (or INDIRECT SPEECH).
The most common verbs to introduce reported speech are said s�d and told /tə�ld/ � and when we use these, we
245
present
→
past simple
present perfect
→
past perfect
past simple
→
past perfect
future
→
conditional
Here are some examples of each of these:
�We live in Heathfield�
They said (that) they lived in
Heathfield
�I�ve sold my house�
He said (that) he�d sold his house
�I went abroad last
She told me (that) she�d gone abroadyear�
last year
�We�ll phone later�
They said (that) they�d phone later
�We can call a taxi�
They said (that) they could call a taxi Notice that we can use that after said/told to introduce the reported speech, but we can
In Dialogues 1 and 2 there are a lot of examples of reported speech � let�s convert some of them back to the
She said she�d bought . . .
→
�I�ve bought . . .�
I said I didn�t know
→
�I don�t know�
. . . that you�d phone back
→
�He�ll phone back�
He said he�d be . . .
→
�I�ll be . . .�
He said he�d broken his leg
→
�I�ve broken my leg�
Fred told me he wasn�t coming →
�I�m not coming�
Notice that told
He told me he was ill
�He told he was ill�
He said he was ill
�He said me he was ill�
246
And don�t forget that you can use
asked
thought
answered
replied
Rewrite these sentences as reported speech � the first one has been done for you.
1 �My name is Lisa.�
She said her name was Lisa .
2 �I�m twenty-four years old.�
She said ________________ .
3 �I live in Brighton.�
She said ________________ .
4 �I�ve got two sisters.�
She said ________________ .
5 �I�ll be coming to the party.�
She said ________________ .
6 �I�ve written a poem.�
She said ________________ .
7 �I�ve just joined a yoga class.�
She said ________________ .
8 �My favourite food is curry.�
She said ________________ .
9 I hope to see you at the
She said ________________ .
party later.�
10 I�ll take a taxi home.�
She said ________________ .
Beatrice has changed her mind about everything she told Andy.
Complete Andy�s replies, as in the first example.
1 BEATRICE:
I�m going to the disco tonight.
ANDY:
But you said you weren�t!
2 BEATRICE:
The food in this restaurant is awful.
ANDY:
But you said _____________ wonderful!
3 BEATRICE:
My brother�ll lend me the money for the car.
ANDY:
But you said _______________ !
4 BEATRICE:
We can�t go to Sicily this year.
ANDY:
But you said __________ !
5 BEATRICE:
Dave and Rhoda aren�t coming tonight.
ANDY:
But you said __________ !
247
6 BEATRICE:
Anna doesn�t speak English.
ANDY:
But you said ___________ !
7 BEATRICE:
I haven�t got any money at the moment.
ANDY:
But you said ___________!
8 BEATRICE:
It�ll rain all day tomorrow.
ANDY:
But you said ___________!
9 BEATRICE:
We can take a taxi home later.
ANDY:
But you said ___________!
10 BEATRICE:
Paul�s applying for that new job.
ANDY:
But you said ___________!
Read these sentences in reported speech and write down what was actually said � the first one is done for you.
1 The doctor told Dave he�d have to stay in bed.
�You�ll have to stay in bed.�
2 Gerry said it was too late.
_______________________
3 Jenny said it would rain later.
_______________________
4 Pete told Simon he could come along.
_______________________
5 Henry said he�d broken his arm.
_______________________
6 Julie said the box was too heavy for her to lift.
_______________________
7 Keith told Brenda he wouldn�t help her.
_______________________
8 Nigel said he could understand why I was angry.
_______________________
9 I told them I couldn�t help them.
_______________________
10 Shamira said her computer had broken down.
_______________________
248
Language point 87 � �that�s why/who/
what . . .�
In Dialogue 2 Paul says about Fred:
I thought he didn�t like heights
and then Mike says:
Maybe that�s why he fell off
We use that�s + WH-WORD to refer
Mike means:
Maybe [the fact that Fred doesn�t like heights] is whyhe fell off
We replace the idea in the square brackets with that to avoid repeating it.
Be careful! We have seen many examples in recent Language
points of the word that being
Here are some more examples:
I saw Stuart in Birmingham last week
� Maybe that�s where he�s living now
The waiter�s brought you a chicken biryani!
� Of course he has � that�s what I ordered!
Why have you bought forty bottles of beer?
� Because that�s how many we need for the partytonight!
I always have a hot bath in the evening because that�s whenI need to relax
249
Use that�s + WH-WORD to complete the sentences, as above.
1
I�ve asked James to do it for me because _________
I trust.
2
I know Brighton very well because _________ I live.
3
Don�t call after ten because ________ the kids go to bed.
4
Tom always does the cooking because _______ he likes doing best.
5
Adam�s a keen swordsman because ________ he relaxes.
6
I hope this room holds thirty people, because ________
I�ve invited.
7
Lightning struck our house last night, and _______ we haven�t got a roof.
8
I know Liam likes the music shop, because _________
he spends all his money.
Dialogue 3
STUART:
Where�s Terry? I haven�t seen him since this morning.
HELEN:
I don�t know. Who cares, anyway? His coat�s not on his chair � he must have gone home.
[
STUART:
He can�t have left work � his car�s still in the car park.
I wonder where he is.
HELEN:
I suppose he may have gone to a meeting.
STUART:
He didn�t tell me he was going to a meeting . . .
[
VICKI:
Not to me, he didn�t. I don�t care, anyway.
[
STUART:
Terry! There you are!
TERRY:
What�s up?
STUART:
We were just wondering where you�d got to.
HELEN:
You mean
TERRY:
Well, you needn�t have worried � I�m back.
VICKI:
Hooray.
250
Idioms
� I don�t care means �It�s unimportant to me� or �It doesn�t matter to me�
� What�s up? means �What�s the problem?� or �What�s the matter?�
� I couldn�t care less means �I don�t care at all� or �It�s completely unimportant to me�
� where he�d got to means �where he�d gone�
Language point 88 � �may have�,
�needn�t have�
In Language point 73 we met can�t have with the PAST PARTICIPLE, and in Dialogue 3 in this unit Stuart uses it when he says about Terry:
He can�t have left work
=
It isn�t possible that he�s left work.
Go back and review Language point 73 now if you need to.
Then Helen uses may have + past participle: He may have gone to a meeting
=
It�s possible that he�s gone to a meeting
So:
+
may have + past participle
(possible)
��
can�t have + past participle
(not possible)
Pronunciation
may have /`m�ijəv/ can�t have /`kɑntəv/
Here are some more examples, in + and � pairs:
+
Dave may have phoned earlier
�
Dave can�t have phoned earlier
251
+
You may have misunderstood me
�
You can�t have misunderstood me
+
We may have missed the bus
�
We can�t have missed the bus
Remember (from Language point 73) that we
�We can have missed the bus�
At the end of the Dialogue, Terry uses another expression: needn�thave /`nidntəv/ with the past participle:
You needn�t have worried
=
�It wasn�t necessary for you to worry�
More examples:
She needn�t have spoken to you like that
You needn�t have come into work so early
Your sister needn�t have felt embarrassed
Decide between may have, can�t have and needn�t have to complete the sentences.
1
We _________ brought the umbrella � it�s not going to rain.
2
Brenda�s very late � the bad weather _________ delayed her.
3
You ___________ got up early this morning � it�s the weekend!
4
They __________ gone out � the lights are on in the house.
5
I think we ________ paid too much for our TV � they�re cheaper here.
6
James looks awfully ill � I think he __________ caught a cold.
7
He ________ caught a cold � he�s only just come back from Barbados!
8
Sylvia hasn�t phoned � she _________ got home yet.
252
Language point 89 � �wonder� and
�suppose�
When Stuart says in Dialogue 3:
I wonder where she is
he means that he is thinking about the question but doesn�t know the answer. I wonder /`wndər/ is used with WH-WORDS (and if as well) � we
I wonder what the time is
I wonder who that woman is
I wonder when they�ll arrive
I wonder how much they�re going to pay us
Particularly when we use it with if, I wonder invites the other person to offer an opinion:
I wonder if Kath and Shamira will be at the party.
� I don�t know, perhaps they will.
I wonder if Adrian�s missed the train.
� Could be, he�s very late.
We
We were wondering where you�d got to
=
�We didn�t know where you were (and we were thinking about it)�
James wondered what to do
=
�James wasn�t sure what to do�
Suppose / sə`pə�z/ is another verb that we normally use only with I � when Helen says:
I suppose he may have gone to a meeting
she means �I think it�s possible that he�s gone to a meeting�.
253
Or it
I suppose you�ve come to collect the money
=
�I assume that you�ve come to collect the money�
I suppose is
Decide between the verbs in brackets to complete each sentence.
1
I (suppose/wonder) where James is.
2
We were (supposing/wondering) where to go for coffee.
3
I (suppose/wonder) you�re going to the pub, are you?
4
I (suppose/wonder) whose book this is.
5
I (suppose/wonder) Andy may have left already.
6
Kath was (supposing/wondering) what to do tomorrow.
7
I (suppose/wonder) if Gerry could come along as well.
8
I (suppose/wonder) Gerry could come along as well.
Dialogue 4
ABIGAIL:
Listen to this, Gary:
�Two men were arrested last night after a car was stolen in the town centre. Police said that the car, a blue Audi, was driven through the town at high speed, but was stopped by a roadblock just outside the supermarket.
The two men have been named as Bert Shift and Ernie Dodge. They will be charged tomorrow with theft and dangerous driving, and are expected to appear in court on Monday. Their families have been informed, and a press conference will be held at ten o�clock tomorrow.
GARY:
Wow!
Language point 90 � passive
The PASSIVE is
254
Look at these two sentences:
ACTIVE
The dog bit the postman
PASSIVE
The postman was bitten by the dog
They
The passive is formed of two parts:
be
+
PAST PARTICIPLE
So, if you can use be in all tenses, and you�re happy with the past participle (go back and look at Language point 53 again if you�re not), then you can easily use the passive. Here are some examples: PRESENT SIMPLE
Dinner is served at eight o�clock
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The game is being played under floodlights
FUTURE
A prize will be awarded
PAST SIMPLE
This book was written in 1948
PAST CONTINUOUS
Ice creams were being sold on the seafront
PRESENT PERFECT
Your car has been stolen
PAST PERFECT
The money had been hidden in the garden
To make passive statements into questions, we simply put the
Was this book written in 1948?
Has your car been stolen?
Were ice creams being sold on the seafront?
Is dinner served at eight o�clock?
And negatives simply add not/n�t to the
+
�
is served
isn�t served
is being played
isn�t being played
had been hidden
hadn�t been hidden
will be awarded
won�t be awarded
(remember will not → won�t)
255
You
Rewrite these active sentences as passives. The first one is done for you.
1 The cat chases the mouse.
The mouse is chased by the cat.
2 The employers pay the workers. _____________________ .
3 Does Sarah feed the chickens?
_____________________ ?
4 The postman delivered the
letters.
_____________________ .
5 James has broken this chair.
_____________________ .
6 The organisers will cancel the
concert.
_____________________ .
7 Su made the tea.
_____________________ .
8 Rich people drive big cars.
_____________________ .
9 Henry�d do the gardening.
_____________________ .
10 Authors write books.
_____________________ .
Complete these sentences using the future or past passive � the first one has been done for you.
1 Send the letters.
They�ll be sent tomorrow.
2 Pay the hotel bill.
____________ yesterday.
3 Book the holiday.
____________ last week.
4 Do the shopping.
____________ tomorrow.
5 Take the rubbish out.
____________ yesterday.
6 Throw the old papers out.
____________ yesterday.
7 Recycle the milk bottles.
____________ yesterday.
8 Buy the Christmas tree.
____________ tomorrow.
9 Fill the car up.
____________ tomorrow.
10 Eat the food!
____________ yesterday.
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See if you can find all the passives in the newspaper articles below.
The first is from a tabloid and the second is from a broadsheet.
Which one has more?
�
257
Life and living � reading
With this unit we�ve come to the end of the book � and you�ll want to build on what you�ve learnt and practised. One good way to independently and effectively improve your English (and especially to expand your vocabulary) is to read � and there�s plenty to read wherever you look.
If you go to a newsagent�s (like the one Damian went to in Unit 6) you�ll find a wide range of newspapers (or papers, as we often call them). Daily papers come in two formats: some, such as
large-format papers with quite serious style and content, and with very wide and deep coverage of both home news and international news. If you want to read
Or why not visit a bookshop and buy a book to read? Every large town has a fair-sized bookshop, with thousands of titles arranged by category or genre. Fiction is always a very large section, and it�s a good place for learners of English to start. You�ll find the fiction books grouped under different types, for example modern fiction (general modern novels), historical fiction (stories set in the past), science fiction (stories set in the future) and horror (ghosts, blood and axe-murderers) � pick something you like the look of and get reading!
expand � widen
vocabulary � the words of a language
newsagent�s � shop that sells newspapers
258
range � choice, selection
daily � appearing every day
style � general appearance and effect
content � what something contains; the articles and reports that are in a paper
coverage � treatment of the news
section � part
apart from � except; in addition to
last � be enough (for someone for a period of time) fair-sized � medium to large
category � type
genre � type of writing
fiction � writing that isn�t true; stories that have been invented by the writer
Key to exercises
Unit 1
2 I�m 3 Sue�s 4 Terry�s 5 They�re 6 Chris is 7 We�re 8 Stuart�s 9 My brother�s 10 CD�s
2 isn�t he? 3 isn�t she? 4 aren�t they? 5 isn�t she? 6 isn�t it? 7 aren�t we?
8 isn�t it? 9 aren�t you? 10 isn�t she?
2 Is Dave off work today? 3 Is it cold outside? 4 Are we in the right place? 5 Is everyone ready? 6 Are you tired? 7 Are they in the garden?
8 Are Morgan and Eddie here? 9 Is Oliver outside? 10 Is Jenny inside?
2 her 3 him 4 them 5 her 6 them
1 me your 2 you his 3 I their 4 you her 5 my you 6 I me
1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 an 6 a 7 an 8 an 9 a 10 an
2 Gerry 3 doctor 4 teacher 5 scientist 6 Nigel 7 Brian 8 Allison 9 policeman 10 journalist
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1 the 2 the 3 the the 4 a the 5 a the 6 a 7 the 8 a 9 the 10 the a Unit 2
2 We aren�t We�re not 3 I�m not (only one possible) 4 They aren�t They�re not 5 You aren�t You�re not 6 Suzie isn�t Suzie�s not 7 It isn�t It�s not 8 She isn�t She�s not
2 Do you drink tea? 3 Does that bus go to the station? 4 Does she speak Spanish? 5 Do Pete and Sally speak Italian? 6 Where do you teach?
7 Where does this bus go? 8 Does Su live nearby? 9 When do Mick and Sandra leave? 10 When does the post arrive?
2 Oliver doesn�t drink coffee 3 James doesn�t speak Russian 4 Jenny plays the piano 5 Stephen doesn�t play the piano 6 Jenny doesn�t wear glasses 7 James drinks coffee 8 Oliver wears glasses
1 who 2 what 3 where 4 when 5 why 6 which 7 where 8 whose 9 what 10 what
2 a person 3 a place 4 a time 5 a reason 6 an owner 7 a choice 8 a way/method
1 correct 2 yours 3 hers 4 yours mine 5 my 6 mine
2 that kind mother of his 3 some close friends of ours 4 a great idea of mine 5 those friends of hers 6 this stupid idea of theirs
Henry: mineral water, cake; Dave: cup of tea; Su: mineral water, salad roll; Kath: cheese roll, cappuccino
261
Unit 3
2 h 3 f 4 g 5 b 6 a 7 d 8 i 9 c 10 e
1 Don�t make noise here! 2 Please wait here a minute 3 Don�t be rude to customers! 4 correct 5 Please don�t throw litter 6 Open the door, could you? 7 Could you close the door, please? 8 Don�t wait for me
2 of 3 �s 4 of 5 of 6 �s 7 of 8 of 9 �s 10 �s
1 removing 2 writing 3 reading 4 hurrying 5 fitting 6 opening 7 flying 8 chasing 9 paying 10 asking
1 �m eating 2 reads 3 grow 4 goes 5 �s reading 6 speaks
2 Are they waiting for us? 3 Is Dave studying Law? 4 Are the children having breakfast? 5 Are Jack and Jill washing the car? 6 Is the weather improving? 7 Is this music disturbing them? 8 Am I driving too fast?
2 I don�t understand you 3 Is she asking a question? 4 Do these shoes belong to Suzie? 5 Do you understand me? 6 I�m not reading the paper 7 Gerry�s reading the paper 8 We�re listening
Unit 4
1 c 2 uc 3 c 4 c 5 uc 6 c 7 uc 8 c 9 uc 10 c 11 uc 12 c 13 c 14 c 15 uc 16 c 17 c 18 c 19 c 20 c
1 some 2 some 3 a 4 some 5 a 6 some 7 a 8 a 9 a 10 some 11 some 12 a 13 a 14 some 15 an 16 a 17 some 18 some 19 some 20 a
262
1 did 2 do 3 do 4 did 5 do 6 did 7 did 8 do
2 does 3 don�t 4 didn�t 5 don�t 6 did 7 doesn�t 8 do
3 He�s got time 4 I�ve got enough time 5 They haven�t got enough money 6 Su hasn�t got a car 7 Have we got the tickets? 8 Fiona�s got them
1 x 2 p 3 p 4 x 5 p 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10 p
2 I don�t think my watch is working properly 3 I don�t think the children are hungry 4 I don�t think that�s important 5 I don�t think this coffee�s very nice 6 I don�t think we�re on the right bus 7 I don�t think this bus goes to the airport 8 I don�t think you understand 9 I don�t think Henry reads books 10 I don�t think the students are listening
1 can I have another one? 2 try the others 3 like another cup 4 another glass 5 prefer the other one 6 correct 7 correct 8 try the other ones 9 The other CD 10 The other car
Unit 5
2 watch 3 buy 4 taking 5 catch 6 meeting 7 playing 8 phone 9 stay 10 going
2 about good 3 how about no let�s 4 why we OK/all right 5 I then 6 shall not 7 how about rather 8 don�t we idea 9 how want 10 shall we all right
2 Shall we go swimming? 3 Let�s organise a party 4 Why don�t we practise our English? 5 Shall we wash the car? 6 Why don�t we call in on Sam and Fred? 7 How about writing some postcards home? 8 Shall we cook an Indian meal? 9 Let�s invite James and Fiona to tea 10 Why don�t we help with the washing-up?
263
2 Do you like Indian food? 3 Do you like apples? 4 Would you like a cheese sandwich? 5 Would you like some soup? 6 Do you like milk in your coffee? 7 Would you like another cup of tea? 8 Would you like some more soup? 9 Do you like tea? 10 Would you like some pizza, Dave?
2 Would you like some more coffee? 3 Would you like to visit the museum today? 4 Would you like to go swimming this afternoon?
5 Would you like another cake? 6 Would you like to see the menu?
2 Does James like ice cream? 3 My parents don�t like fish 4 Sarah likes apples 5 Does Fiona like vegetables? 6 They like fish and chips 7 Fred and Kim don�t like sport 8 Does Pete like carrots?
1 correct 2 Would you like some more coffee? 3 correct 4 Do you like English food? 5 James doesn�t like hot weather 6 Do you like ice cream?
7 correct 8 Does your sister like oranges? 9 Would you like an orange?
10 Does Jerry like milk in his tea?
2 playing 3 does sunbathing 4 would stay 5 doing 6 likes helping 7 like play 8 don�t working 9 do 10 would listen
positive: Yes I love it, Yes I quite like it // neutral: It�s OK I suppose, I�m not bothered // negative the rest
2 e 3 a 4 f 5 c 6 b
2 this 3 those 4 these 5 this 6 this that 7 this 8 those 9 these 10 this that
1 T 2 F 3 F 4 F 5 F 6 T
264
Unit 6
1 c 2 f 3 a 4 b 5 h 6 d 7 e 8 g
2 He�s giving her 3 He�s buying it 4 They use it 5 He keeps them 6 He�s buying them 7 She�s picking them up 8 She�s giving him
1 Let�s wait until the rain stops 2 Phone us as soon as you get back 3 Don�t forget to ring us when you arrive 4 Let�s hide the presents before the children see them 5 Could you shut the door when you leave?
6 Let�s buy some souvenirs before we go home
2 when 3 when 4 as soon as 5 when 6 till 7 when 8 until
2 Why don�t you pay the bill? 3 Why don�t we go to the cinema?
4 Why don�t I help you with the cooking? 5 Why don�t we watch TV?
6 Why don�t I do the washing-up? 7 Why don�t you switch channels?
8 Why don�t we ask some friends round for coffee?
2 next 3 next 4 this 5 all 6 today 7 tomorrow 8 on
1 for 2 with 3 in 4 of 5 with 6 at 7 to 8 with 9 about 10 on
2 h 3 e 4 f 5 a 6 b 7 c 8 g
Unit 7
2 it�s going to rain 3 I�m going to do the shopping 4 she�s going to eat 5 she�s going to go 6 she�s going to ride 7 he�s going to phone 8 they�re going to wash 9 I�m going to plant 10 he�s going to swim
265
2 Are going to am 3 Is going to is 4 Are going to they aren�t 5 Is going to he isn�t 6 Are going to they are 7 Is going to he is 8 Are going to aren�t
2 It�s difficult to learn Chinese 3 It�s important to be friendly to your neighbours 4 It�s easy to ask for things in English 5 It�s stupid to set fire to your nose 6 It�s very hard for English people to learn Vietnamese 7 It�s nice to eat biscuits in front of the TV 8 It�s very dangerous to jump off high buildings 9 It�s fun to watch French films 10 It�s exhausting to read long books
2 Will Amanda stay here? 3 They won�t wait for us 4 Is Dave going to be here tomorrow? 5 We�re going to show you the sights 6 The weather will get better 7 James isn�t going to forget, is he? 8 I�m not going to do my homework yet 9 Suzie won�t be there 10 Will Fred read that book?
1 Are you going 2 going to do the 3 Is Kath 4 correct 5 trains are going to be 6 Is he 7 Are we 8 correct 9 I�m going 10 Is Henry
2 Henry�s going to do it up 3 Could you turn it off? 4 I need to look them up 5 Could you write it down? 6 Will you fill them in? 7 We�re going to send them back 8 They�re going to knock it down 9 Tom�s trying to start it up 10 Switch them off, please
1 want 2 is going 3 doesn�t like 4 Does this book belong 5 contains 6 isn�t reading 7 Do you know 8 �s seeing 9 �m not expecting 10 Do you see
1 bring 2 take 3 bring 4 bringing 5 bring 6 bringing 7 take 8 take 9 take 10 take
Liam: 1 October; Sally: 10 May; Adam: 7 December; Edward: 22
September; Monica: 8 February; Keith: 2 November; Anthea: 17 June; Greg: 10 November; Susan: 17 July; Carl: 20 March
266
Unit 8
2 Are they able to speak English? 3 Dave can�t come 4 Are you able to see the screen? 5 Can they walk? 6 Suzie can�t make the appointment 7 I�m not able to advise you on this 8 Are Julie and Simon able to come tonight?
2 You�d better not drop it 3 I�d better clean it 4 We�d better wait for him 5 I�d better turn the light on 6 I�d better phone him
2 What if the shops are shut? 3 What if the car breaks down? 4 What if the neighbours complain? 5 What if the doorman doesn�t let us in?
6 What if the waiter doesn�t understand us? 7 What if the neighbours don�t like the colour? 8 What if he doesn�t answer?
1 �m thinking 2 Are we having 3 look 4 thinks 5 �re looking 6 don�t see 7 has 8 isn�t seeing
2 to order 3 to come 4 to help 5 having 6 to lock 7 doing 8 swimming 9 to offend 10 smoking 11 seeing 12 to apply 13 paying 14 learning 15 to know 16 cooking 17 to be 18 to fly 19 to see 20 seeing
1 what other food 2 the other people will 3 correct 4 correct 5 where else would 6 have another cream 7 the other one�s 8 correct 9 correct 10 anything else
1 disappointed 2 interested 3 excited 4 annoying 5 exciting 6 boring 7 annoyed 8 bored 9 relaxing 10 surprised
1 disappointed 2 boring 3 disappointing 4 interesting 5 bored 6 annoying 7 surprising 8 interested 9 surprised 10 annoyed
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Unit 9
2 Justine�s painted the door 3 Andy and Bob have closed the shop 4 We haven�t played football today 5 We�ve organised a party for her 6 Have you watched the film? 7 Has Julie opened the window?
8 Dave hasn�t waited for us
2 Simon�s not using the computer 3 Su and Kath are refusing to come 4 Are you looking for the paper? 5 Is Rosemary leaving? 6 Are the children coming in? 7 Is anyone using this cup? 8 I�m not buying any food 9 Ann�s selling her house 10 Is Jenny phoning the office?
2 fell 3 stole 4 phoned answered 5 called 6 left 7 spoke 8 threw 9 watched 10 went
2 They didn�t help him 3 She opened the window 4 Terry washed the car 5 Did Henry walk to college today? 6 Suzie didn�t clean her teeth 7 Did the others arrive late? 8 Did Sandra play the piano?
1 �s fallen 2 went 3 Have you seen 4 have you finished 5 phoned 6 Did you see 7 �ve invited 8 �s my passport gone 9 have they turned 10 Did you speak
2 I had breakfast today 3 Were you late for the meeting? 4 James wasn�t ready 5 They didn�t have any money 6 The children were happy 7 Fiona was in town today 8 My brother didn�t have the money
2 Were you working? 3 We weren�t watching the film 4 Dave wasn�t answering his phone today 5 Su was looking after the children 6 Were you speaking to the teacher? 7 The bus was coming round the corner 8 Were you listening to your new CD? 9 The kids were playing in the garden 10 Henry wasn�t doing his work
268
2 was taking landed 3 broke was playing 4 fell was standing 5 saw was queuing 6 was doing dropped 7 cut was cutting 8 was looking saw
1 a 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 b 6 a
1 We�ve just seen 2 I�m still working 3 has never worked 4 homework yet 5 have already passed 6 I still want 7 you ever go 8 you ever been 9 university yet 10 I�ve already explained
Unit 10
1 taller 2 more comfortable 3 more valuable 4 heavier 5 faster 6 more interesting 7 bigger 8 more expensive 9 more intelligent 10 sharper
2 cheaper 3 more difficult
3 Jack speaks Swedish, and Jill does as well 4 Jack doesn�t speak German, but Jill does 5 Jack doesn�t speak Arabic, and Jill doesn�t either 6 Jack speaks Welsh, and Jill does as well 7 Jack doesn�t speak Klingon, and Jill doesn�t either 8 Jack speaks French, and Jill does as well 9 Jack doesn�t speak Hindi, but Jill does 10 Jack speaks Spanish, but Jill doesn�t
Gorgeous Grind � Bean Bonanza � Cafetière Combo � Froth Fantasy �
Coffee Crikey � Steam Surprise � Radical Roast � Percolator II
2 use the long one 3 The ripe ones 4 The big red one 5 wear the black ones 6 A large one 7 Plastic ones 8 A hot one
1 one 2 one 3 ones 4 ones 5 one 6 one 7 one 8 one
269
2 She�d be better off coming tomorrow 3 She�d be better off doing it with Suzie 4 They�d be better off drinking mineral water 5 We�d be better off writing them a letter 6 She�d be better off sitting next to Gerry 7 She�d be better off eating out 8 We�d be better off watching TV 9 You�d be better off shutting the window 10 We�d be better off visiting them tomorrow
2 Do you feel like seeing a film in town tonight? 3 Do you feel like flying to the South of France for the weekend? 4 Do you feel like inviting some friends round? 5 Do you feel like running the London Marathon this year? 6 Do you feel like lending me ten pounds? 7 Do you feel like ordering us a pizza? 8 Do you feel like hiring a rowing boat for the afternoon?
Unit 11
2 It�s just coming up to a quarter to four 3 It�s twenty to ten 4 It�s just coming up to midnight 5 It�s ten past seven 6 It�s just coming up to five to six 7 It�s just gone four o�clock 8 It�s twenty-five to three 9 It�s just gone twenty-five past ten 10 It�s half past three
1 It�s a quarter to nine 2 It�s five o�clock 3 It�s five past nine 4 It�s a quarter past one 5 It�s twenty past five 6 It�s twenty-five to eleven
2 Who are you writing to? 3 What is it looking at? 4 What is she worried about? 5 Who are you going with? 6 Who does he play for? 7 Who does she work for? 8 Where does he come from? 9 Who do they live next door to? 10 When have you got to be home by?
1 since 2 for 3 for 4 for 5 since 6 since 7 since 8 for 9 since 10 for
2 lived 3 �s been learning 4 have you been working 5 haven�t seen 6 Have you been 7 �ve been learning 8 have been
270
1 last 2 on 3 at 4 of 5 at 6 at 7 an 8 in 9 out 10 in 11 in 12 to 13 in 14 in 15 of 16 nearly 17 to 18 in 19 for 20 at
1 asleep 2 afraid 3 alive 4 alone 5 aware 6 awake 7 alike 8 ashamed
1 when 2 when 3 before 4 when 5 before 6 when 7 when 8 before
Samantha: 6.45 cinema; Su and Shamira: 7.00 vegan restaurant; Stuart: 7.15 Indian restaurant; Helen: 7.45 theatre; Gerry: 6.30 football match Unit 12
2 f 3 b 4 h 5 g 6 a 7 e 8 d
2 Did we have to show our passports? 3 Have I got to sign the form?
4 The children have to pay 5 They had to pay by cheque 6 Did Greg have to do the work? 7 Keith and Carl have got to play a song 8 Do I have to have my picture taken? 9 Have we got to leave early?
10 Gerry had to work late
2 James might be ill 3 You can�t be right 4 You must be joking!
5 It might snow tonight 6 They must like Indian food 7 This can�t be true 8 Terry might come later 9 The rain might stop soon 10 Pete can�t think that
1 You can�t be serious! 2 I might phone Julie after dinner 3 It must be very hot in Australia in the summer 4 We�ve got to do the shopping 5 Did Adrian get to work late yesterday? 6 Did you have to light the fire yourself? 7 correct 8 I�ve got to get some money from the bank
271
2 must have broken 3 can�t have connected 4 can�t have rung 5 must have thrown 6 must have told 7 can�t have done 8 must have closed 9 must have caught 10 can�t have understood
2 It�s nice to eat chocolate 3 Having injections is unpleasant 4 Getting phone bills is annoying 5 It�s fun to swim under water 6 Getting birthday presents is nice 7 Speaking colloquial English is easy 8 It�s polite to write thank you letters 9 It�s relaxing to paint pictures 10 It isn�t safe to drink the water here
2 what 3 what 4 who 5 how 6 where 7 how 8 where 9 who 10 what
2 how to get 3 how to work 4 where to go 5 how to fill in 6 when to be 7 where to plant 8 where to put
Unit 13
1 f � I�m looking for a man who can mend cars 2 g � I need a pencil that has a sharp point 3 h � I can see a bridge that crosses the river 4 b � This is the road that leads to the town centre 5 a � This is the door that leads to the garden 6 d � I�m looking for a shop that sells cheap chocolate 7 c � Those are the children who broke the window 8 e � That�s the pilot who flew us home
2 The restaurant that did the best food won a prize 3 The students who are learning Russian are very clever 4 The woman who lost her passport phoned the police 5 The train that was late was very full 6 The newsreader who sneezed on camera lost her job 7 The artist who painted the Queen refused to take any money 8 The tree that fell on our house is big 9 The fish that live in the garden pond are pretty 10 The ship that took us to the Caribbean was enormous
1 remove 2 remove 3 keep 4 keep 5 remove 6 remove 7 remove 8 remove 9 keep 10 keep
272
2 that I saw rather boring 3 who was in hospital got better now 4 that we were listening to very loud 5 that Dave bought too short for him 6 that I was sitting on very uncomfortable 7 that we threw away rather smelly 8 that Henry cooked really delicious
2 This is the office Justine works in 3 That�s the chair I was sitting in 4 This is the music we�ve been listening to all morning 5 This is the piece of paper I wrote the message on 6 This is the town we lived in for five years 7 This is the town Andy comes from 8 These are the people I told you about 9 This is the shop I got my DVD-player from 10 These are the students I came with
1 done 2 making 3 do 4 do 5 doing 6 do 7 made 8 do
1 you done with 2 children made a lot 3 I�ve done 4 correct 5 to make a mistake 6 did 7 done 8 Let�s do the rest
1 often reads 2 You�ll probably 3 correct 4 correct 5 Indian food a lot 6 weather often wet 7 Indian food at all 8 Every Saturday we go
1 Is Henry often in the local library?
Unit 14
2 unreal 3 possible 4 unreal 5 possible 6 unreal 7 possible 8 unreal
2 f 3 a 4 c 5 d 6 b
273
2 is �ll leave 3 stand �ll get 4 breaks down �ll repair 5 don�t see �ll phone 6 doesn�t hurry �ll miss 7 �ll be gets 8 won�t work don�t plug
2 h 3 a 4 c 5 g 6 b 7 e 8 d
1 when 2 when 3 if 4 if 5 if 6 if
2 don�t rewrite 3 What did your sister leave early for? 4 don�t rewrite 5 What did the Romans invade Britain for? 6 don�t rewrite 7 don�t rewrite 8 don�t rewrite 9 don�t rewrite 10 What are you watching the ice hockey for?
2 You�d be angry if they came home late 3 If you took more exercise, you�d feel healthier 4 Helen would pay the bill if she had any money 5 I�d phone the police if someone stole my car 6 I�d be surprised if she agreed to do that 7 If we left too late we�d miss the train 8 It�d be too dark if we waited till ten o�clock
1 if I had enough 2 if we came tomorrow 3 if you explained the problem 4 What would you do 5 if she got the job 6 correct 7 would look better if you painted it 8 guests arrived late
2 You won�t pass your English exam if you don�t work hard 3 You can�t send an email unless you�ve got a computer 4 We�ll go swimming this afternoon unless it rains 5 Start without me if I don�t phone 6 I�m going unless he comes in the next ten minutes 7 You can�t come in if you�re not a member 8 You can�t eat here unless you�re wearing a tie
2 g 3 h 4 a 5 b 6 d 7 f 8 c
274
Unit 15
2 Fiona had done the shopping 3 James had written six letters 4 Simon had mended the video 5 Liz had paid all the bills 6 Justine had finished her book 7 Adam had done his homework 8 Liam had made some rolls 9 Ann had cleaned four cars 10 Brenda had ordered the pizzas
2 James had gone out 3 They�d watched the film 4 He�d fed the cat 5 Had Su bought the food? 6 I�d written the letter 7 The bus had left early 8 I hadn�t worked in the office 9 Had Henry seen the doctor? 10 Had you phoned them?
2 she was twenty-four years old 3 she lived in Brighton 4 she�d got two sisters 5 she�d be coming to the party 6 she�d written a poem 7 she�d just joined a yoga class 8 her favourite food was curry 9 she hoped to see me at the party later 10 she�d take a taxi home
2 it was 3 he wouldn�t 4 we could 5 they were 6 she did 7 you had 8 it wouldn�t 9 we couldn�t 10 he wasn�t
2 �It�s too late� 3 It�ll rain later� 4 �You can come along� 5 �I�ve broken my arm� 6 �The box is too heavy for me to lift� 7 �I won�t help you�
8 �I can understand why you�re angry� 9 �I can�t help you� 10 �My computer�s broken down�
1 that�s who 2 that�s where 3 that�s when 4 that�s what 5 that�s how 6 that�s how many 7 that�s why 8 hat�s where
1 needn�t have 2 may have 3 needn�t have 4 can�t have 5 may have 6 may have 7 can�t have 8 can�t have
1 wonder 2 wondering 3 suppose 4 wonder 5 suppose 6 wondering 7 wonder 8 suppose
275
2 The workers are paid by the employers 3 Are the chickens fed by Sarah? 4 Were the letters delivered by the postman? 5 This chair has been broken by James 6 The concert will be cancelled by the organisers 7 The tea was made by Su 8 Big cars are driven by rich people 9 The gardening would be done by Henry 10 Books are written by authors
2 It was paid 3 It was booked 4 It�ll be done 5 It was taken out 6 They were thrown out 7 They were recycled 8 It�ll be bought 9 It�ll be filled up 10 It was eaten
Reference grammar
Spelling rules
1
drop silent -e whe you add the endings -ed, -ing, -er, -est 2
after a short stressed single vowel, double b g m n p r t when you add the endings -ed, -ing, -er, -est 3
change -y to -i when you add -ed, -es, -er, -est, -ly
4
add -e- to words ending in -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z before you add -s
NOUNS are COUNTABLE or UNCOUNTABLE; some uncountable nouns can have a secondary countable meaning.
Countable nouns can be singular or plural � they form their plural by adding -s or -es (spelling rule 4 above applies). A few nouns have irregular plurals, for example, man/men, woman/women, child/
children, foot/feet, tooth/teeth, goose/geese, sheep/sheep, aircraft/
aircraft.
The DEFINITE ARTICLE the can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns � it denotes a noun that is already known or has already been referred to.
The INDEFINITE ARTICLE a (an before vowel sounds) can only be used before singular countable nouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS (apart from you) have subject and object forms (nouns don�t):
SUBJECT
I
you
he
she
we
they
OBJECT
me
you
him
her
us
them
277
ADJECTIVES come before the noun, or after the verb be, and do not change for singular/plural:
the red bus
the red buses
this bus is red
these buses are red
Adjectives
this bus is bigger
that bus is the biggest
Spelling rules 1, 2 and 3 apply to the -er and -est endings.
Longer adjectives
this coat is more expensive
that coat is the most expensive
A few adjectives have irregular degrees:
good
better
best
bad
worse
worst
far
further
furthest
VERBS � there are REGULAR VERBS and IRREGULAR VERBS. Regular verbs have a past simple
base-form
ask
fight
speak
be
to-form
to ask
to fight
to speak
to be
ing-form
asking
fighting
speaking
being
s-form
asks
fights
speaks
am/is/are
ed-form
(PAST SIMPLE)
asked
fought
spoke
was/were
PAST PARTICIPLE
asked
fought
spoken
been
These spelling rules apply:
ing-form:
1 and 2
s-form:
4
ed-form
1, 2 and 3
278
These are the TENSES of the verb covered in this book, illustrated with I:
PRESENT SIMPLE
I ask
I speak
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
I�m asking
I�m speaking
PAST SIMPLE
I asked
I spoke
PAST CONTINUOUS
I was asking
I was speaking
PRESENT PERFECT
I�ve asked
I�ve spoken
PRESENT PERFECT
I�ve been
I�ve been
CONTINUOUS
asking
speaking
PAST PERFECT
I�d asked
I�d spoken
FUTURE
I�ll ask
I�ll speak
CONDITIONAL
I�d ask
I�d speak
[The present simple uses the s-form for the present simple he/she/it
� the verbs be and have have irregular s-forms.
The future can also be expressed in English by the present continuous, the present simple and going to � these are
As well as the STATEMENT forms above, all verbs have QUESTION and NEGATIVE forms:
PRESENT SIMPLE
do I ask?
I don�t ask
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
am I asking?
I�m not asking
PAST SIMPLE
did I ask?
I didn�t ask
PAST CONTINUOUS
was I asking?
I wasn�t asking
PRESENT PERFECT
have I asked?
I haven�t asked
PRESENT PERFECT
have I been
I haven�t been
CONTINUOUS
asking?
asking
PAST PERFECT
had I asked?
I hadn�t asked
FUTURE
will I ask?
I won�t ask
CONDITIONAL
would I ask
I wouldn�t ask
Verbs are either ACTION or STATE � action verbs can form all tenses, but state verbs
279
Even in colloquial English, verbs normally need to have a subject expressed.
ADVERBS describe the manner (how), the time (when) or the place (where) an action or event happens. Manner adverbs are normally formed from adjectives by adding -ly (spelling rule 3 applies); time and place adverbs have to be learnt.
The most common PREPOSITIONS are: about, across, after, against, at, before, behind, below, between, by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, than, through, till, to, under, until, with, without. When used with PRONOUNS they are followed by the OBJECT form: with him
The normal
1
2
3
4
5
Gerry
�s
going
to London tomorrow
She
reads
the paper every day
We
�re
not
catching
the bus after all
The students
do
n�t
understand
the lesson very well
For a question sentence:
1
2
3
4
5
Did
you
see
the film?
Could
you
help
me with these bags?
What
are
we
going
to do with it?
Why
has
Justine
bought
a clockwork parrot?
Irregular verbs �
alphabetical list
arise
arose
arisen
be
was/were
been
beat
beat
beaten
become
became
become
begin
began
begun
bend
bent
bent
bind
bound
bound
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
bring
brought /brɔt/
brought
build /bld/
built
built
burn
burnt
burnt
buy
bought /bɔt/
bought
cast
cast
cast
catch
caught /kɔt/
caught
choose
chose
chosen
come
came
come
cost
cost
cost
cut /kt/
cut
cut
deal /dil/
dealt /d�lt/
dealt /d�lt/
do
did
done /dn/
draw
drew
drawn
drink
drank
drunk
drive
drove
driven
eat
ate /�t/ (
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
feed
fed
fed
feel
felt
felt
fight
fought /fɔt/
fought
find
found
found
fit
fit
fit
281
fly
flew
flown
forget
forgot
forgotten
get
got
got
give
gave
given
go
went
gone /ɔn/
grow
grew
grown
hang
hung
hung
have
had
had
hear
heard
heard
hide
hid
hidden
hit
hit
hit
hold
held
held
hurt
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
kept
know
knew /nju/
known
lay
laid
laid
lead
led
led
learn
learnt
learnt
leave
left
left
let
let
let
lie
lay
lain
light
lit
lit
lose /luz/
lost
lost
make
made
made
mean /min/
meant /m�nt/
meant /m�nt/
meet
met
met
pay
paid
paid
put /p�t/
put
put
read /rid/
read /r�d/
read /r�d/
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen
run
ran
run
say /s�i/
said /s�d/
said /s�d/
see
saw /sɔ/
seen
seek
sought /sɔt/
sought
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
set
set
set
shake
shook
shaken
shoot
shot
shot
282
show
showed
shown
shut /ʃt/
shut
shut
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk
sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
speak
spoke
spoken
spend
spent
spent
spread /spr�d/
spread /spr�d/
spread /spr�d/
stand
stood
stood
steal
stole
stolen
stick
stuck
stuck
strike
struck
struck
swing
swung
swung
take
took
taken
teach
taught /tɔt/
taught
tell
told
told
think
thought /�ɔt/
thought
understand
understood
understood
throw
threw
thrown
wake
woke
woken
wear
wore
worn
win
won /wn/
won /wn/
write
wrote
written
Irregular verbs
by type
cast
cast
cast
cost
cost
cost
cut /kt/
cut
cut
fit
fit
fit
hit
hit
hit
hurt
hurt
hurt
let
let
let
put /p�t/
put
put
read /rid/
read /r�d/
read /r�d/
set
set
set
shut /ʃt/
shut
shut
spread /spr�d/
spread /spr�d/
spread /spr�d/
bind
bound
bound
feed
fed
fed
find
found
found
get
got
got
hear
heard
heard
hold
held
held
lay
laid
laid
lead
led
led
light
lit
lit
meet
met
met
sell
sold
sold
shoot
shot
shot
sit
sat
sat
stand
stood
stood
tell
told
told
284
understand
understood
understood
win
won /wn/
won /wn/
bend
bent
bent
build /bld/
built
built
burn
burnt
burnt
deal /dil/
dealt /d�lt/
dealt /d�lt/
feel
felt
felt
keep
kept
kept
learn
learnt
learnt
leave
left
left
lose /luz/
lost
lost
mean /min/
meant /m�nt/
meant /m�nt/
send
sent
sent
sleep
slept
slept
spend
spent
spent
bring
brought /brɔt/
brought
buy
bought /bɔt/
bought
catch
caught /kɔt/
caught
fight
fought /fɔt/
fought
seek
sought /sɔt/
sought
teach
taught /tɔt/
taught
think
thought /�ɔt/
thought
hang
hung
hung
stick
stuck
stuck
strike
struck
struck
swing
swung
swung
begin
began
begun
drink
drank
drunk
ring
rang
rung
run
ran
run
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk
285
arise
arose
arisen
be
was/were
been
beat
beat
beaten
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
choose
chose
chosen
draw
drew
drawn
drive
drove
driven
eat
ate /�t/ (or /�it/)
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
fly
flew
flown
forget
forgot
forgotten
give
gave
given
grow
grew
grown
hide
hid
hidden
know
knew /nju/
known
lie
lay
lain
ride
rode
ridden
rise
rose
risen
see
saw /sɔ/
seen
shake
shook
shaken
show
showed
shown
speak
spoke
spoken
steal
stole
stolen
take
took
taken
throw
threw
thrown
wake
woke
woken
wear
wore
worn
write
wrote
written
become
became
become
come
came
come
do
did
done /dn/
go
went
gone /ɔn/
have
had
had
make
made
made
lay
laid
laid
pay
paid
paid
say /s�i/
said /s�d/
said /s�d/
Grammar index
The first number gives the unit, the second number gives the Language point: e.g. 3.21 means Unit 3, Language point 21.
a/an 1.9
commands 3.17
a-adjectives 11.69
comparative 10.59
active versus passive 15.90
conditionals 14.79, 14.82
adjectives, comparative 10.59
could 8.47
adjectives, superlative 10.59
Could you . . . ? 3.18
adjectives in -ed 8.52
countable nouns 4.23
adjectives in -ing 8.52
adjectives with prepositions
degree words 10.62
6.40
did auxiliary 4.24
adverb position 13.78
direct object pronouns 6.36
after 11.70
do, versus make 13.77
another 4.28
Don�t . . . 3.17
article, indefinite 1.9
don�t think 4.27
as soon as 6.37
auxiliary did 4.24
-ed adjectives 8.52
ed-form 9.54
base-form 2.14, 3.18, 6.38
either 10.61
before 11.70
else 8.51
bet 14.83
empty it 7.42
better off . . . -ing 10.64
bring 7.46
for (time) 11.67
forms of the verb 2.14
C1 conditional 14.79
future 7.41, 7.43, 11.70
C2 conditional 14.82
can 8.47
genitive 3.19
can�t 8.47, 12.72
get 3.22
can�t have 12.73, 15.88
going to 7.41
certainty 12.72
goodbye 1.10
choosing 5.34
287
had 9.56
offering 5.30, 5.31
have 4.25
one 4.28, 10.63
have to 12.71
other 4.28
if 8.48, 14.80, 14.83
passive 15.90
if only 14.83
past continuous 9.57
in case 14.84
past perfect 15.85
indefinite article 1.9
past simple 4.24, 9.54, 9.55, 9.56
indirect object pronouns 6.36
personal pronouns 1.5
indirect speech 15.86
phone language 6.35
-ing 3.21, 8.50, 10.64
phrasal verbs 3.20, 7.44
-ing adjectives 8.52
pointing out 1.7, 5.34
ing-form after verbs 8.50
position of adverbs 13.78
introducing people 1.3
possessive adjectives 1.6
it, empty 7.42
possessive pronouns 2.16
possibility 12.72
Let�s . . . 1.8, 5.29
prepositions after adjectives 6.40
likes and dislikes 5.32
prepositions at the end with
liking doing things 5.33
wh-words 11.66
liking things 5.30
prepositions in relative clauses
13.76
make, versus do 13.77
present continuous 3.21
may 12.72
present perfect 9.53, 9.55
may have 15.88
present simple 2.12, 6.37, 8.48,
May I . . .? (formal) 6.38
11.70, 14.79
might 12.72
pronouns, object 6.36
mine, yours, etc. 2.16
pronouns, personal 1.5
money
pronouns, possessive 2.16
must 12.71
must have 12.73
quantity 4.23
my, your, etc. 1.6
questions with be 1.4
quite 10.62
needn�t have 15.88
negative short forms 2.11
relative clauses 13.75
nouns, countable 4.23
relative clauses with prepositions
nouns uncountable 4.23, 4.26
13.76
n�t 2.11
reported speech 15.86
numbers
object pronouns 6.36
�s genitive 3.19
obligation 12.71
Shall I . . . ? 3.18
of genitive 3.19
short forms 1.1
288
short forms, negative 2.11
uncountable nouns 4.23, 4.26
should 8.47
unless 14.84
since 11.67
some 10.63
verb, forms 2.14
state verbs 7.45, 8.49
verbs, state 7.45, 8.49
suggestions 5.29
very 10.62
superlative 10.59
suppose 15.89
was 9.56
weak forms 2.13
tags, questions 1.2
were 9.56
tag responses 1.2
What . . . for? 14.81
take 7.46
What if . . .? 8.48
telling the time 11.65
when 11.70, 14.80
that relative 13.75
which 10.60
that�s with wh-words 15.87
who relative 13.75
this, that, these, those 1.7
wh-questions 2.15, 11.66
time 11.65
wh-words 2.15, 11.66 12.74
time expressions 6.39, 9.58,
Why don�t you . . .? 6.38
11.68
will-future 7.43
to-form 2.14, 8.50, 12.74
wish 14.83
to-form after verbs 8.50, 12.74
wonder 15.89
too 10.62
would 14.82
Document Outline
Colloquial English
Title
Copyright
Contents
Introduction
English spelling
IPA symbols
Grammatical terms used in this book
1 Pleased to meet you
2 Where are you from
3 Could you tell me where the bank is
4 Have you got any bread
5 What shall we do today
6 Hello could I speak to Vicki
7 What date is it today
8 Can I make an appointment
9 I�ve lost my passport!
10 Which do you prefer
11 I�ll see you at half past five
12 You can�t be serious
13 The people we met were fantastic
14 What would you do
15 I said you�d phone back later
Key to exercises
Reference grammar
Irregular verbs - alphabetical list
Irregular verbs by type
Grammar index